WSU Biology 315 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Verified 100% Graded A

Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body Dissection - "I cut up" Prosection - "Already cut up" Anatomical Terminology - -Based on ancient Greek or Latin -Provides standard nomenclature worlwide Branches of Anatomy - 1. Gross anatomy (visible to naked eye; muscles, bones, organs) 2. Microscopic anatomy (histology) 3. Developmental anatomy (embryology) 4. Comparative anatomy (correspondence of form) 5. Functional morphology (correlate form with specific function) Hierarchy of Structural Organization - 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system 6. Organism Chemical Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - -Atoms form molecules a) Elements of life: C, H, O, N, S, Ca, and P b) Macromolecules of life: carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), and nucleic acids Cellular Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - -Cells and their functional subunits a) Organelles: perform specific cell function Tissue Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - -Group of cells performing a common function -4 primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle Organ Level (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ System (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - Organs working together for a common purpose Organism (Hierarchy of Structural Organization) - The result of all simpler levels working in unison Cells in the Body - -Over 100 trillion cells in human body -252 identified types of cells -Cells must carry out all processes necessary for survival of the cell plus each cell must perform specific functions required for survival of organism--NO SLACKERS -Differentiation Differentiation - Process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions Cell Differentiation - Differentiation results from altered gene expression in response to locally produced molecules -Undifferentiated cells = stem cells Two Categories of Stem Cells - 1. Embryonic stem cells 2. Tissue specific stem cells Embryonic Stem Cells - -Pluripotent (can become any type of adult) -Totipotent cell (= zygote, first few cell divisions) can become any cell including placenta Tissue Specific Stem Cells - Partially specialized, found in many adult tissues Tissue Engineering Accomplishments Using Stem Cells - a) Engineered skin patches are being used to treat burn victims b) Lab grown cartilage grafts are already in use c) Tissue engineered urinary bladders have been successfully transplanted into humans d) Tissue engineered supports for nerve regeneration are being tested in animals e) Progress has been made in growing complex organs like liver and pancreas Organ Systems - Collection of organs that work together to accomplish a particular task 12 Different Organ Systems - Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, skeletal, muscular, immune, lymphatic, urinary, integument, endocrine, and reproductive Anatomical Postion - A common visual reference point a) Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward b) Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Regional Terms - Names of specific body areas Axial Region - The main axis of the body (head, neck, and trunk) Appendicular Region - The limbs Superior (Cranial) - Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (Caudal) - Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Anterior (ventral) - Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior (dorsal) - Toward or at the back end of the body; behind Medial - Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral - Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate - Between a more medial and a more lateral strucutre Proximal - Closer to the organ of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal - Farther from the organ of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial (external) - Toward or at the body surface. Deep (internal) - Away from the body surface; more internal Coronal (Frontal) Plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (Midsagittal) Plane - -Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline -Divides into right and left halves Transverse Plane - Runs horizontally--divides body into superior and inferior parts The Human Body Plan - 1. Skin 2. Trunk muscles 3. Body cavities and digestive tube 4. Limbs Dorsal Body Cavity - 1. Cranial cavity 2. Vertebral cavity Ventral Body Cavity - 1. Thoracic cavity--divided into three parts