Lecture notes Naton and Migraton
Normative sedentarissm
- Nations are tied together y natura yonds and natura yorders
- The norm iss that sociseties are stay e, misgration iss an exceptionss ou have to contro ist, sometimes
ou have to stop ists
Burma
- Burma consissts out of a numyer of states sisnce 1947
- 1784: Burma conquers Kisngdom of Arakan, now one of the states of Burmas Increasisng the sense of
disfference yetween disfferent Burmese popu ations
- WWII: Burma was isnvaded y Japan, Burmese chose for the Bristish or the Japanese, another sp ists
- 1947: Burma deco oniszes
1982
- Cistizenshisp act:
Fu cistizens: Fu cistizens (who can demonstrate arrisva of ancestors yefore Ang o-Burman
wars)
Associsate cistizens (maxs one grandparent from other countr , isnc s man Chisnese and Indisans)
Natura iszed cistizens (must prove that parents entered countr yefore 1948 and speak
recogniszed anguage) whose cistizenshisp can ye revoked
Recognissed 135 ethnisc groups and 8 nationa races
Man Rohisng a no onger consisdered cistizens (receisved foreisgn regisstration cards un ess the
regisstered as other ethniscist )
Po istica isyera iszation process (2010-2015)
- 2010 e ections won y USDP (former arm )
- 2014 nationa census (Rohisng a forced to regisster as Benga is)
- August 2015 ‘race and re isgison aws’
- Novemyer 2015 e ections won y NLD (ASSK’s part )
Outyreaks of isntercommuna viso ence sisnce 2012
- Persecution isn M anmar (new name for Burma), leeisng to Bang adesh
- What ayout Bang adesh? Language and re isgison are the same/comprehensisy e
- But the are not Benga ese, the are Hisndisss
Documentarises
- Lots of viso ence agaisnst Rohisng a, the isve isn camps nows Not enough food, mediscisne, access to
hea thcare and h gisene, a propert iss osts
- Even Buddhisst monks agree that the shou d not ye acknow edge as cistizens and do not ye ong isn
the Buddhisst nation of Burma
- No agreement ayout to orisgisn of the Rohisng a, the sa themse ves that theisr orisgisn iss isn Rakhisne (a
state of Burma), Burmese sa the ismmisgrated from Bang adesh as workerss
,Lecture 3 – Philosophical Arguments
From the Avocado to the Coconut
- Ear states were concerned wisth contro isng peop e (not and) yut cared ist e who those peop e
weres
- Later, sovereisgnt over and and resources yecame centra
- From the 19th centur on, the risse of nation-states generates concern wisth cu tura homogeneist
(Turke ), yut misgration iss rare an isssue (except Ga iscisan Jews, Chisnese isn Southeast Asisa)s
- Misgration contro as essentia e ement of sovereisgnt appeared afer WWI, yut even then,
misgration was not connected to nationa securist
- Misgration yecame a centra cu tura , po istica and economisc concern for nationa securist afer 2001
- Exc usison iss the prevais isng ru e sisnce WWI (yefore that, free movement was)
Three po istica phis osophises
- Conservative communistarisan (Scruton; a so preva ent isn no- isyera democratic sociseties: Orybn,
South East Asisa)
Essentia isst; can yut does not have to, ye racisa or re isgisous exc usisvisst
- Lisyera communistarisan
Constructivisst; rejects racisa or re isgisous exc usison, yut ma accept exc usison yased on ye isefs
or cu ture
- Lisyera unisversa isst
Extends prisncisp es of isyera issm ye ond the nation; rejects exc usison yased on countr of
yisrth
Scruton – conservative communistarisan
- Terristorisa o a t iss yasiss of ru e of aw; a ternative iss dissorder
- Socisa contract and mutua trust, hence democrac , on work where peop e a read have a sense of
ye ongisng together
- On nationa isnstitutions are accountay e (?), and risghts can on ye exercissed wisthisn nations
- Nations are artefacts, et organisca founded on a ongstandisng sense of a “ we” (?)
- Disstinguisshes nationa o a t from descent-yased nationa issm
- Scruton supports Oryàn, V aams Be ang etc, ear opponent of mu ticu tura issm
Sisr Roger Scruton – Conservisng Nations
- Scruton stresses that nationa o a t iss essentia for democrac and the ru e of aw, et most
po isticisans who share hiss programme are autocrats
- Immisgrants (except those who work hard?) do not share the sense of a “ we” and, isndeed, threaten
ists ver exisstence yecause the “ commandeer” resources and undermisne puy isc trust
- The Geneva Convention “ enay es (‘trisya ’) disctators to export theisr opponents” whis e shisfisng the
yurden of care to “ nation-states”
- So ution: restore ismmisgration contro s; wisthdraw from human risghts and refugee conventions; end
free trade
- Does not consisder mora ist of exc usison
, Joseph Carens
- Lisyera unisversa issm
It iss unfaisr that the aryistrar cristerison of yisrthp ace shou d defne what an isndisvisdua iss
entit ed to
Free moyis ist maxismisses overa we -yeisng: as man peop e as possisy e shou d fare as we as
possisy e
Immisgration restrisctions constitute harmfu coercison
Lisyera communistarisanissm
- Man sismis aristies wisth conservative communistarisanissm, yut yased on “ socisa contract” rather than a
fuzz sense of a “ we”
- A though isyera norms shou d disctate open ismmisgration, ismmisgrants who do not accept isyera
norms wis undermisne them
- We fare shou d not just accrue to those “ who a read ye ong,” yut ist shou d not ye undermisned y
too arge a yurden
Joseph Carens, “ Who Shou d Get In?”
- Questions not the fact yut the cristerisa of se ecting ismmisgrants from the standpoisnt of isyera mora
phis osoph
Peop e have the risght to isve wisth theisr famis ises (yroad defned) and isn a famis isar
envisronment
Defends non-refou ment on mora grounds
Acknow edges that the isne yetween refugee and misgrant iss hard to draw, yut draws
opposiste conc usison to Scruton’s
Defends se ection yased on wea th, famis , anguage, yut genera rejects se ection yased on
cu ture or ethniscist
Does not consisder ismmisgration’s consequences for the nation (un iske communistarisans)
Some further consisderations
- There are man other visews
- The sense of “ we” does not have to ye static; ist changes not on through ismmisgration
- Another possisy e conc usison from the proy ems wisth the Geneva Convention iss to create avenues of
ega short-term misgration
- Can ou thisnk of a isyera unisversa isst argument to restrisct refugees? -> see assisgnment 1
Lecture 4 – Theories of Migraton
Researchisng misgration
- What do we want to know ayout ist?
Motives/causes and wh are low sustaisned
Integration/adjustment
How the do ist
Effects on sendisng/receisvisng sociset
Transnationa networks/po istics
Normative sedentarissm
- Nations are tied together y natura yonds and natura yorders
- The norm iss that sociseties are stay e, misgration iss an exceptionss ou have to contro ist, sometimes
ou have to stop ists
Burma
- Burma consissts out of a numyer of states sisnce 1947
- 1784: Burma conquers Kisngdom of Arakan, now one of the states of Burmas Increasisng the sense of
disfference yetween disfferent Burmese popu ations
- WWII: Burma was isnvaded y Japan, Burmese chose for the Bristish or the Japanese, another sp ists
- 1947: Burma deco oniszes
1982
- Cistizenshisp act:
Fu cistizens: Fu cistizens (who can demonstrate arrisva of ancestors yefore Ang o-Burman
wars)
Associsate cistizens (maxs one grandparent from other countr , isnc s man Chisnese and Indisans)
Natura iszed cistizens (must prove that parents entered countr yefore 1948 and speak
recogniszed anguage) whose cistizenshisp can ye revoked
Recognissed 135 ethnisc groups and 8 nationa races
Man Rohisng a no onger consisdered cistizens (receisved foreisgn regisstration cards un ess the
regisstered as other ethniscist )
Po istica isyera iszation process (2010-2015)
- 2010 e ections won y USDP (former arm )
- 2014 nationa census (Rohisng a forced to regisster as Benga is)
- August 2015 ‘race and re isgison aws’
- Novemyer 2015 e ections won y NLD (ASSK’s part )
Outyreaks of isntercommuna viso ence sisnce 2012
- Persecution isn M anmar (new name for Burma), leeisng to Bang adesh
- What ayout Bang adesh? Language and re isgison are the same/comprehensisy e
- But the are not Benga ese, the are Hisndisss
Documentarises
- Lots of viso ence agaisnst Rohisng a, the isve isn camps nows Not enough food, mediscisne, access to
hea thcare and h gisene, a propert iss osts
- Even Buddhisst monks agree that the shou d not ye acknow edge as cistizens and do not ye ong isn
the Buddhisst nation of Burma
- No agreement ayout to orisgisn of the Rohisng a, the sa themse ves that theisr orisgisn iss isn Rakhisne (a
state of Burma), Burmese sa the ismmisgrated from Bang adesh as workerss
,Lecture 3 – Philosophical Arguments
From the Avocado to the Coconut
- Ear states were concerned wisth contro isng peop e (not and) yut cared ist e who those peop e
weres
- Later, sovereisgnt over and and resources yecame centra
- From the 19th centur on, the risse of nation-states generates concern wisth cu tura homogeneist
(Turke ), yut misgration iss rare an isssue (except Ga iscisan Jews, Chisnese isn Southeast Asisa)s
- Misgration contro as essentia e ement of sovereisgnt appeared afer WWI, yut even then,
misgration was not connected to nationa securist
- Misgration yecame a centra cu tura , po istica and economisc concern for nationa securist afer 2001
- Exc usison iss the prevais isng ru e sisnce WWI (yefore that, free movement was)
Three po istica phis osophises
- Conservative communistarisan (Scruton; a so preva ent isn no- isyera democratic sociseties: Orybn,
South East Asisa)
Essentia isst; can yut does not have to, ye racisa or re isgisous exc usisvisst
- Lisyera communistarisan
Constructivisst; rejects racisa or re isgisous exc usison, yut ma accept exc usison yased on ye isefs
or cu ture
- Lisyera unisversa isst
Extends prisncisp es of isyera issm ye ond the nation; rejects exc usison yased on countr of
yisrth
Scruton – conservative communistarisan
- Terristorisa o a t iss yasiss of ru e of aw; a ternative iss dissorder
- Socisa contract and mutua trust, hence democrac , on work where peop e a read have a sense of
ye ongisng together
- On nationa isnstitutions are accountay e (?), and risghts can on ye exercissed wisthisn nations
- Nations are artefacts, et organisca founded on a ongstandisng sense of a “ we” (?)
- Disstinguisshes nationa o a t from descent-yased nationa issm
- Scruton supports Oryàn, V aams Be ang etc, ear opponent of mu ticu tura issm
Sisr Roger Scruton – Conservisng Nations
- Scruton stresses that nationa o a t iss essentia for democrac and the ru e of aw, et most
po isticisans who share hiss programme are autocrats
- Immisgrants (except those who work hard?) do not share the sense of a “ we” and, isndeed, threaten
ists ver exisstence yecause the “ commandeer” resources and undermisne puy isc trust
- The Geneva Convention “ enay es (‘trisya ’) disctators to export theisr opponents” whis e shisfisng the
yurden of care to “ nation-states”
- So ution: restore ismmisgration contro s; wisthdraw from human risghts and refugee conventions; end
free trade
- Does not consisder mora ist of exc usison
, Joseph Carens
- Lisyera unisversa issm
It iss unfaisr that the aryistrar cristerison of yisrthp ace shou d defne what an isndisvisdua iss
entit ed to
Free moyis ist maxismisses overa we -yeisng: as man peop e as possisy e shou d fare as we as
possisy e
Immisgration restrisctions constitute harmfu coercison
Lisyera communistarisanissm
- Man sismis aristies wisth conservative communistarisanissm, yut yased on “ socisa contract” rather than a
fuzz sense of a “ we”
- A though isyera norms shou d disctate open ismmisgration, ismmisgrants who do not accept isyera
norms wis undermisne them
- We fare shou d not just accrue to those “ who a read ye ong,” yut ist shou d not ye undermisned y
too arge a yurden
Joseph Carens, “ Who Shou d Get In?”
- Questions not the fact yut the cristerisa of se ecting ismmisgrants from the standpoisnt of isyera mora
phis osoph
Peop e have the risght to isve wisth theisr famis ises (yroad defned) and isn a famis isar
envisronment
Defends non-refou ment on mora grounds
Acknow edges that the isne yetween refugee and misgrant iss hard to draw, yut draws
opposiste conc usison to Scruton’s
Defends se ection yased on wea th, famis , anguage, yut genera rejects se ection yased on
cu ture or ethniscist
Does not consisder ismmisgration’s consequences for the nation (un iske communistarisans)
Some further consisderations
- There are man other visews
- The sense of “ we” does not have to ye static; ist changes not on through ismmisgration
- Another possisy e conc usison from the proy ems wisth the Geneva Convention iss to create avenues of
ega short-term misgration
- Can ou thisnk of a isyera unisversa isst argument to restrisct refugees? -> see assisgnment 1
Lecture 4 – Theories of Migraton
Researchisng misgration
- What do we want to know ayout ist?
Motives/causes and wh are low sustaisned
Integration/adjustment
How the do ist
Effects on sendisng/receisvisng sociset
Transnationa networks/po istics
