AQA AS HISTORY Paper 1 7041/1A |The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Component 1A The Crusader states and Outremer, c1071–1149|QUESTIONS & MARKING SCHEME MERGED|

Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A The Crusader States were the result of religious enthusiasm in the West. Many pilgrims rushed to Outremer as soon as the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 became known. Nowhere else were there so many sites so important to Christians, nor was there a better place to end one’s days. They did not come alone because the people who hoped to survive on the charity of pilgrims and the institutions created to help them also went. During the summer, the ports of Jaffa, Acre and Tyre, were heaving with visitors from Western Europe, who came not as outsiders, but as fellow Christians who saw the holy places as their responsibility. Adapted from M Barber, The challenge of state building in the twelfth century. Reading Medieval Studies, XXXVI, 2010 5 Extract B Several different explanations exist for the success of the crusaders. Firstly, they were able to win several major battles due to their heavy cavalry. Bohemond of Taranto was also a very effective commander. He commanded the army when it had to fight major battles. Adaptation was also a key reason. The crusaders had never fought the Turks before who used hit and run warfare. The crusaders adapted their tactics by marching at night and using infantry to shield their cavalry. Furthermore, religion played a role, keeping morale high. This provided an incentive to see their task through even though some deserted. Finally, not all they met were hostile, for example, the Armenians, the Byzantines and even some Muslims in the East. Adapted from N Morton, The First Crusade, 1095–99 – Why did the First Crusade Succeed?, 2018 5 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of why the Crusader States were established between 1099 and 1120? [25 marks] 3 IB/M/Jun23/7041/1A Section B Answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Either 0 2 ‘Western intervention had strengthened the position of the Byzantine Empire by 1099.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] or 0 3 ‘In the years 1124 to 1149, economic gain was the most important reason why Western Europeans travelled to Outremer.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view.