AQA GCSE Triple Science - Biology

What are eukaryotic cells? - Cells that are more complex and have a nucleus (animal and plant cells) What are prokaryotic cells? - Cells that are smaller and simpler, and don't have a nucleus but still have genetic information (bacteria) What are eukaryotes? - Organisms made of eukaryotic cells What is a prokaryote? - A prokaryotic cell (it's a single celled organism) What is cytoplasm? - A liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions In what types of cells is cytoplasm found? - Animal, plant, algae, and bacteria cells What is the cell membrane? - It holds the cell together and controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell In what types of cells is a cell membrane found? - Animal, plant, algae, and bacteria cells What is the nucleus? - It carries the instructions for making new cells or organisms and controls all activities of the cell In what types of cell is a nucleus found? - Animal, plant, and algae cells What is the cell wall? - It is made of cellulose in plants and peptidoglycan in bacteria. It strengthens and supports the cell. In what types of cell is a cell wall found? - Plant, and bacteria cells What are chloroplasts? - They are found in the green parts of a plant, and they contain chlorophyll which allows the cell to create food and light energy In what types of cell are chloroplasts found? - Plant, and algae cells What are ribosomes? - They are the site of protein synthesis. All the proteins needed in the cell are made here. The ribosomes are attached to the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) In what types of cell are ribosomes found? - Animal, and plant cells What are mitochondria? - They are structures in the cytoplasm. Oxygen is used, and energy is released during respiration here In what types of cell are mitochondria found? - Animal, plant, and algae cells What is a permanent vacuole? - It is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. It is important for keeping the cell rigid to support the plant In what types of cell is a permanent vacuole found? - Plant, and algae cells What is a plasmid? - A small, circular piece of DNA that carries genes additional to those in the main genetic material What two features do bacteria cells NOT have? - Chloroplasts and mitochondria How do light microscopes work? - They use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it What can we see using a microscope? - Individual cells and large sub-cellular structures, like nuclei What do electron microscopes use to form an image? - Electrons Out of electron and light microscopes, which has a higher resolution? - Electron microscopes What can we see with electron microscopes? - The internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts, ribosomes, and plasmids What is the formula for magnification? - Magnification is image size divided by real size How do you convert from micrometres into millimetres? - Divide by 1000 What is a flagellum for? - Locomotion In what type of cell is a flagellum found? - Bacteria What are nerve cells specialised to do? - Carry impulses around an organism. They provide a quick communication system