Important terms and exam questions to study for Human Development (HD),
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (AB_1140)
These include all the 3 partial exam materials of the Human Development course. I have
indicated where the parts end, so you know exactly where to study for exam 1, exam 2 and
exam 3. Or you can study everything which is in this document for the resit.
Study these well, and you will be guaranteed to pass your exam! It is a lot, but I got an 8 by
learning just these things.
And yeah, summaries are cool and all, but THIS is the way to study: practice, practice and
practice!
What are gonads? ---> testes and ovaries
What are accessory glands? ---> seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral
glands
What are the accesory organs? ---> salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are perineal structures? ---> external genitalia
What are the gonadotropin hormones? ---> FSH and LH
Which organs produce testosterone? ---> Adrenal glands and testes
Which two muscles are involved in regulating testes temperature? ---> Cremaster
and dartos muscle
Spermatozoa is produced by which type of cells? And where are they found? --->
Spermatogonia found in the seminiferous tubules
What are spermatogonia? ---> sperm stem cells
What is the function of sustentacular cells? ---> Sustain and promote sperm
development
What are type A spermatogonia? ---> stem cells to maintain cell population
(symmetric division via mitosis)
What are type B spermatogonia? ---> Progenitor cells that will differentiate into
primary spermatocytes
, What is spermiogenesis and where does it occur? ---> Final stage of sperm
production. Maturation of spermatids to become spermatozoa, occurs in
seminiferous tubules.
What is spermatogenesis? ---> production of sperm
Sustentacular cells are stimulated by which two hormones? ---> FSH and
testosterone
Which cell produces testosterone? ---> Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
Interstitial cells are stimulated by which hormone? ---> LH
Where is sperm stored? ---> In the epidymis
When are spermatozoa capable of fertilization? ---> After they underwent a
process called capacitation (happens when exposed to the female reproductive tract)
What is capacitation? ---> The breakdown of the sperm cell's acrosome which
allows for the release of enzymes during fertilization. They also increase in motility.
What is the diplotene stage? ---> Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase of
meiosis I until puberty
True or false: Primary oocyte production is completed after birth ---> True
What is the zona pellucida? ---> thick outer layer of glycoproteins covering of
human egg cell, penetrated by sperm acrosome
What is the corona radiata? ---> layer of granulosa (thecal) cells that adhered to
the oocyte during ovulation
What is a primary oocyte? ---> an immature sex cell that is able to undergo
meiosis to become an egg cell
What is the function of polar bodies? ---> They allow a reduction in chromosomes
while preserving most of the cytoplasm for one egg.
Is epinephrine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? ---> hydrophilic
What is GnRH and what does it do? ---> gonadotropin releasing hormone,
stimulates release of FSH and LH
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (AB_1140)
These include all the 3 partial exam materials of the Human Development course. I have
indicated where the parts end, so you know exactly where to study for exam 1, exam 2 and
exam 3. Or you can study everything which is in this document for the resit.
Study these well, and you will be guaranteed to pass your exam! It is a lot, but I got an 8 by
learning just these things.
And yeah, summaries are cool and all, but THIS is the way to study: practice, practice and
practice!
What are gonads? ---> testes and ovaries
What are accessory glands? ---> seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral
glands
What are the accesory organs? ---> salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are perineal structures? ---> external genitalia
What are the gonadotropin hormones? ---> FSH and LH
Which organs produce testosterone? ---> Adrenal glands and testes
Which two muscles are involved in regulating testes temperature? ---> Cremaster
and dartos muscle
Spermatozoa is produced by which type of cells? And where are they found? --->
Spermatogonia found in the seminiferous tubules
What are spermatogonia? ---> sperm stem cells
What is the function of sustentacular cells? ---> Sustain and promote sperm
development
What are type A spermatogonia? ---> stem cells to maintain cell population
(symmetric division via mitosis)
What are type B spermatogonia? ---> Progenitor cells that will differentiate into
primary spermatocytes
, What is spermiogenesis and where does it occur? ---> Final stage of sperm
production. Maturation of spermatids to become spermatozoa, occurs in
seminiferous tubules.
What is spermatogenesis? ---> production of sperm
Sustentacular cells are stimulated by which two hormones? ---> FSH and
testosterone
Which cell produces testosterone? ---> Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
Interstitial cells are stimulated by which hormone? ---> LH
Where is sperm stored? ---> In the epidymis
When are spermatozoa capable of fertilization? ---> After they underwent a
process called capacitation (happens when exposed to the female reproductive tract)
What is capacitation? ---> The breakdown of the sperm cell's acrosome which
allows for the release of enzymes during fertilization. They also increase in motility.
What is the diplotene stage? ---> Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase of
meiosis I until puberty
True or false: Primary oocyte production is completed after birth ---> True
What is the zona pellucida? ---> thick outer layer of glycoproteins covering of
human egg cell, penetrated by sperm acrosome
What is the corona radiata? ---> layer of granulosa (thecal) cells that adhered to
the oocyte during ovulation
What is a primary oocyte? ---> an immature sex cell that is able to undergo
meiosis to become an egg cell
What is the function of polar bodies? ---> They allow a reduction in chromosomes
while preserving most of the cytoplasm for one egg.
Is epinephrine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? ---> hydrophilic
What is GnRH and what does it do? ---> gonadotropin releasing hormone,
stimulates release of FSH and LH
