UCLA A&O3 Midterm Latest Update Graded A

UCLA A&O3 Midterm Latest Update Graded A The atmosphere is a mixture of gas molecules, small particulates, and moisture Technological advances in computer hardware and software have had a huge impact on our ability to understand and predict the weather Radiosondes allow us to measure weather conditions in the upper atmosphere A network of surface and upper-air observations is crucial to meteorological understanding because organized weather systems often cover large areas The invention of the telegraph in the mid-1800s improved weather forecasting because the location and movement of weather conditions could be tracked According to the scientific method, a hypothesis must lead to predictions What is the caveat of the Scientific Process? It is not a rigid process Atmospheric motions are mostly horizontal because its shallowness doesn't allow large vertical motions Which layer of the atmosphere is thicker in summer the troposphere Which of the following are used to identify places of equal atmospheric pressure? isobars Wind direction is properly referred to as the direction the wind is blowing from Radiation, as an energy transfer mechanism, is especially important because everything Radiates. radiation provides us with visible light. radiation energy can travel without an intervening medium. Your hand feels cold when you hold a cold can of soda. Energy is being transferred from your hand to the can by conduction Warm air rises. This is an example of energy transfer by convection What is Weather the state of the atmosphere as it was measured by a single observation What is Climate an aggregation of many observations to describe the weather over time Where is wind in relation to isobars between isobars The relationship between air pressure and elevation is nonlinear because air is compressible Horizontal pressure changes are less than vertical pressure changes According to the Ideal Gas Law, the pressure will increase if the air density increases while the temperature is held constant According to the equation of state p = RT, an increase in density requires an increase in pressure or a decrease in temperature or both Consider a closed container filled with air at a fixed temperature. Suppose we double the number of molecules inside the container and keep the temperature the same. What can we say about the changes in pressure and density in the container? Density and pressure will both double Consider a closed container filled with air at a fixed pressure. Suppose we double the number of molecules inside the container and keep the pressure the same. What can we say about the changes in temperature in the container? Temperature will be reduced by half. Regarding isobars, it is true that their spacing indicates the strength of the pressure gradient Hydrostatic equilibrium occurs when the force of gravity and the vertical pressure gradient have equal value and oppose each other The heights of the 500 mb surface in air column A is 5700 meters and 5640 meters in air column B. Choose the best answer from the following the temperature in air column A is higher while the density is lower If a column of air is heated, it will have a smaller vertical pressure gradient Which direction does pressure go towards High to Low The Coriolis Effect is zero at the Equator This is the layer in the atmosphere where friction is important in determining wind speed planetary boundary layer This prevents wind from following the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient force the Coriolis effect This occurs around a high-pressure system when the Coriolis effect exceeds the pressure gradient force, causing air to turn supergeostrophic flow When the pressure gradient force exceeds the Coriolis effect subgeostrophic flow Winds along the ridge axis are faster than geostrophic Sea-level pressure is used instead of surface air pressure on weather maps for which of the following reasons? To correct for the effect of altitude If the pressure gradient force exactly balances the Coriolis force above the boundary layer, which of the following is the result A geostrophic wind occurs What are enclosed areas of high pressure marked by roughly circular isobars or height contours called? Anticyclone Why is Hurricane Isabel a low pressure system? it rotates counterclockwise Which of the following would most likely happen to Hurricane Isabel if it were to approach the equator? it would weaken dramatically Which of the following is most likely why Hurricane Isabel's wind speed decreases after it makes landfall? friction When an air parcel moves north in the Northern Hemisphere, it gets deflected to its right due to the Coriolis force. What is the reason for this deflection? The parcel is moving toward the axis of rotation of the planet, so it must spin faster to conserve angular momentum In the video "A Year of Weather" from lecture 01, we observed a lot more swirling motion in the high latitudes than near the equator. What could be a reason for that? The Coriolis force is larger in the high latitudes. What is an updraft a region of rising air where clouds are likely to form What causes an updraft to occur the vertical pressure gradient force is larger than the gravitational force. If the wind is parallel to the isobars, we can say that the wind could be geostrophic, supergeostrophic or subgeostrophic If we hypothesize that pressure gradient forces are the only forces driving horizontal winds in the upper atmosphere, what would be an observation that proves our hypothesis to be wrong? Winds are mostly parallel to isobars in the upper atmosphere Suppose the wind is initially in geostrophic balance, and then frictional forces are added. As a consequence, we would observe that all alternatives are correct Why is water unique it exists in all three states naturally at the same time When air within a cloud begins to sink, it warms at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate Lower pressure areas tend to be colder If air starts out with a temperature of 18°C with a dew point of 10°C, an ascent of ________ is necessary for the air to become saturated. 1000 m When does saturation occur when the condensation rate equals the evaporation rate. Frost forms on your windshield through which process? deposition Saturation vapor pressure is dependent upon this variable temperature Vapor pressure is the part of atmospheric pressure due to water vapor What happens when the relative humidity in the air is 100 percent water will condense out of the air What happens to relative humidity when air temperature increases decreases When does advection fog occur? when warm air passes over a cool surface The three processes for saturating air with water vapor lowering the temperature to the dew point, mixing cold air with warm, moist air, adding water vapor to the air What happens when the atmosphere contains more moisture than theoretically possible supersaturation Diabatic processes, add or remove energy from a system Adiabatic processes, often involve changes both in temperature and pressure What can be used with air temperature to indicate the value of relative humidity Dew Point Temperature Higher pressure areas tend to be warmer Which of the following best describes the process in which water droplets form onto hygroscopic particles? Heterogeneous nucleation What will be the temperature of an unsaturated parcel of air at an altitude of 410 meters if it has a temperature of 10 degrees Celsius at the surface? 5.9 degrees Celsius What is the lifting condensation level? The altitude at which clouds begin to form in a rising parcel of air Which of the following is the relative humidity of an air parcel with a vapor pressure of 8 mb and a saturation vapor pressure of 16 mb? 50 percent Suppose we increase the temperature of an air parcel without changing its mass of water vapor. The air parcel is not saturated. We can say that Its dew point temperature will not change During Santa Ana winds, air blos from the high deserts towards Los Angels. Suppose the mass of water vapor in the air does not change between the desert and L.A. The relative humidity in L.A. will be lower than in the desert Which direction do cyclones spin? Counter-clockwise Which direction do anti-cyclones spin clockwise Equation for DALR The proportion of 1/100=uA/Height=Delta T. T-Delta T=DALR What is density inversely proportional to? Temperature Two paper balls with mass m and 5m and the same shape and size are dropped from the same height. What happens? Paper ball with mass 5m reaches the ground first From which direction does the wind seem to blow from in northern Florida? Northwest Suppose that instead we keep the density constant and increase the temperature of the gas. What happens to the pressure of the gas? Pressure increases as we increase temperature Suppose you are at a location where the sea-level pressure is lower than the surface pressure. Where are you? Possibly in the Death Valley, because it is located below the sea level The pressure gradient force forms an angle of _____ 90 Degrees Isobars point in the direction of Low Pressure High heights of isobaric surfaces (e.g., 500-mb surface) correspond to ______ pressure on a nearby constant- height surface. high An airplane is flying forward at constant speed. At a given moment the forces acting on the airplane are such that Thrust is balanced by Air Friction, but Lift is smaller than the Weight. How is the airplane motion going to respond? It will continue moving forward at the same speed, but will accelerate downward How does temperature affect vapor pressure at saturation? It increases with increasing temperature Relative Humidity Equation vapor pressure/saturation vapor pressure x 100% Suppose we do our "saturation" experiment. Assume the air, the container, and the liquid water are all at the same temperature. Where is the condensation going to occur? At the liquid surface and at the walls of the container Suppose an air parcel is at the surface with temperature Tp=25 degrees C. Suppose the environmental temperature decreases linearly from Tsfc=25 degrees C at z=0km to T= 15 degrees C at z=2km. The dew point temperature at the surface is DP=18 degrees C. Calculate the LCL for the air parcel. 0.875 km Equation for ELR -Delta T/-Delta Z Equation for LCL T-DP/8