Final Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (New 2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales| 100% Correct| Graded A- GCU

Final Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (New 2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales| 100% Correct| Graded A- GCU QUESTION Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual? a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain c. Hematuria and flank pain d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency Answer: a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort Rationale: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351 QUESTION Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism? a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Viruses d. Parasite Answer: a. Bacteria Rationale: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52 QUESTION A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data suggest the presence of which disorder? a. Cystitis b. Chronic pyelonephritis c. Glomerulonephritis d. Nephrotic syndrome Answer: c. Glomerulonephritis Rationale: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as glomerulonephritis. Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1) hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of the other options. page 1357 QUESTION How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure? a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration. b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell. d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen Answer: b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. Rationale: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space, along with the transport of glucose. page 1363 QUESTION ________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure a. Intrinsic factor b. Vitamin B12 c. Vitamin D d. Erythropoietin Answer: d. Erythropoietin QUESTION In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select all that apply) a. Ischemia b. Lysosomal enzymes c. Compression from edema d. Activated complement e. Altered membrane permeability Answer: d. Activated complement e. Altered membrane permeability Rationale: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause proteinuria. None of the other options are responsible for this process. page QUESTION Prerenal injury from poor perfusion