Final Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales| 100% Correct| Grade A- GCU

Final Exam: NUR631/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam| Questions and Verified Answers with Rationales| 100% Correct| Grade A- GCU Q: Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition? a. Pleural effusion b. Atelectasis c. Bronchiectasis d. Ischemia Answer: a. Pleural Effusion Rationale: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254 Q: Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis? a. Corticosteroids b. Antiboitics c. Bronchodilators d. Expectorants Answer: a. Corticosteroids Rationale: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may produce some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259 Q: The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation? a. 16 and 24 b. 20 and 24 c. 24 and 30 d. 30 and 36 Answer: d. 30 and 36 Rationale: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The other options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS decreases. page 1292 Q: What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Low birth weight b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc c. Premature birth d. Smoking during pregnancy Answer: a. Premature birth Rationale: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. page 1301 Q: What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Immature immune system b. Small alveoli c. Surfactant deficiency d. Anemia Answer: c. Surfactant deficiency Rationale: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301 Q: What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Consolidation b. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis d. Bronchiolar plugging Answer: c. Atelectasis Rationale: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of the other options are considered a primary problem associated with RDS. page 1301 Q: Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis? a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging c. P!ulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency Answer: c. Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. This selection is the only option that accurately describes cystic fibrosis. pages Q: Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process? a. Autosomal recessive inheritance b. Autosomal dominant inheritance c. Infection d. Malignancy Answer: a. Autosomal recessive inheritance Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that is associated with defective epithelial ion transport. None of the other options cause cystic fibrosis. page 1310 Q: What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Deficit of interleukin(IL)-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) b. Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF α d. Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL- 24 & colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Answer: c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1 , IL-8 and TNF α Rationale: Abnormal cytokine profiles have been documented in CF airway fluids, including deficient IL-10 and excessive IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α, all changes conducive to promoting inflammation. pages 1311-12 Q: Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct? a. Antidiuretic hormone b. Aldosterone c. Cortisol d. Adrenocorticotropin hormone Answer: a. Antidiuretic hormone Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct. The later, straight segment of the distal tubule and the collecting duct are permeable to water as controlled by antidiuretic hormone. The other options are not involved in this process. page 1331