AHS 120 - Final Exam Review 2023 with complete solution

AHS 120 - Final Exam Review 2023 with complete solution Homeostasis Cells and organisms maintain a fairly constant internal environment. Eukarya Cells that contain a nucleus contains domains: Plantae, Protista, Animalia, and Fungi Prokaryotes organisms that do not contain a nucleus Consists of Bacteria & Archaea Hypothesis Supposition that is formulated after making an observation; it can be tested by obtaining more data, often by experimentation organism complex individual that consists of organ systems conclusion made as to whether the results support the hypothesis or do not support the hypothesis organ made up of two or more different tissues performing a common function organ system group of related organs working together species a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. organisms that share a common gene pool population organisms of the same species in a particular area community assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment ecosystem A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. biosphere part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere Biology study of life anatomy The study of body structure ecology Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment biochemistry chemistry dealing with chemical compounds and processes in living plants and animals limnology study of freshwater ecosystems Levels of Biological Organization (smallest to largest) cells tissues organs organ systems organism what membrane of the mitochondrion represents engulfing vesicles if the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis? the outer mitochondrial membrane endosymbiosis A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; has double membrane has cristae has matrix cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended nucleolus Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes organelle A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell cytoskeleton A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement Phospholipids present in the vesicle membrane will end up in the plasma membrane during what type of transport? exocytosis sodium-potassium pump a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell active transport Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference passive transport the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell Ribosomes site of protein synthesis (make proteins) aerobic respiration Respiration that requires oxygen number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration 38 MAX 36 minimum 4 principle types of tissues epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous epithelial tissue A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out connective tissue A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts muscular tissue Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. nervous tissue A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. what tissue type allows movement of our body parts? skeletal muscle what tissue type is found in the heart? cardiac muscle smooth muscle Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body Smooth ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Rough ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. positive feedback Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. how can you differentiate between bone and cartilage? flexibility of matrix cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. types of cartilage hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage types of bone compact and spongy transitional epithelium found in the urinary bladder; contains cells that can change shape (stretch or relax) capillaries small, thin, and porous enough to exchange substances at the tissue level of organization smallest blood vessels Arterioles smallest arteries Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Venules small veins Veins Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart contain veins tunica intima the innermost layer of a blood vessel tunica media The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand. tunica externa outer layer of a blood vessel which connects it to surrounding tissues valves on veins cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction and prevent backflow The right ventricle is to the pulmonary trunk as the left ventricle is to the _________________. aorta The tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle as the _____________________ is between the left atrium and left ventricle bicuspid valve/mitral valve/left AV valve superior vena cava A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body. inferior vena cava A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm. coronary arteries blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle coronary sinus enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins which empty into the right atrium right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from the body left atrium Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium Aorta The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body. pulmonary veins Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs carotid artery The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain. subclavian artery Both a left and right, blood vessels that supply blood to the shoulders and upper limbs. brachiocephalic trunk The first large artery arising from the aortic arch. It carries oxygenated blood to the neck, head, and right forelimb. SA node aka sinoatrial node pacemaker of the heart atrioventricular node A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart. Purkinje fibers fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract pulse rate the number of heartbeats or pulses felt in 1 minute functions of blood transportation, regulation, defense/protection, carry oxygen, clotting Erythrocytes another name for red blood cells Leukocytes another name for white blood cells Thrombocytes another name for platelets structure of red blood cells -NO NUCLEUS -No organelles -Thicker on the outside, thinner on the inside -donut looking - biconcave discs -shape increases surface area -contains Hemoglobin (protein) what do red blood cells and white blood cells share in common they are derived from the same type of stem cell platelets are fragments of very large megakaryocytes albumins Transport fatty acids and steroids, help regulate osmotic pressure of the blood. O BLOOD TYPE HAS WHAT ANTIGEN? no antigens A blood type has what antigen(s)? A antigens B blood type has what antigen(s)? B antigens AB blood type has what antigen(s)? A antigens and B antigens A+ blood type has what antigens? A antigens and Rh antigens B- blood type has what antigens only B antigens Where do lymph capillaries drain into directly? afferent lymphatic vessel