Age of Absolutism Quiz Review World History 2022

Age of Absolutism Quiz Review World History 2022 Philip II The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death. *Built a huge empire *Defended Catholicism *Fought against the Ottoman Empire *Sent the Spanish Armada to punish Protestant England. Absolute Monarch A king or queen with complete authority, (Political, Economic, Religious and Social control) over the government and people in a kingdom. Divine Right of Kings the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth Causes of the weakening of the Spanish Empire 1) Inflation and Taxes 2) Making Spains Enemies Rich - Increased exports, huge debt 3) The Dutch Revolt Causes of Absolutism 1) Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty. 2) The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops. 3) Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts. Effects of Absolutism 1) Cultural: Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas. 2) Political: Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful. 3) Economic: Rulers created more bureaucracies to control their countries economies. Question: Why did the Dutch revolt against Spain? Philip raised taxes and took steps to crush Protestantism. They revolted and to punish them Philip executed 1,500 Protestants. They continued to fight. Question: Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power? ..Because they believed in divine right - God created monarchy and monarch acted as God's representative. Edict of Nantes A 1598 decree by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion. The edict gave religious rights to the French Protestants also known as Huguenots. Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII was a weak ruler and Richelieu filled the void, more or less running the empire via his advice to the king. A clever politician and strategist, Richelieu expanded royal power, punished dissent harshly, and built France into a great European power. Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblock to building a strong monarchy was resistance by the great nobles. Louis XIII king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (). Louis XIV king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (); Was 4 year old boy when his reign started; Boaste "I am the state; Was called "The Sun King". Built the palace of Versailles to weaken the power of the nobles. Intendants French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice. This allowed Louis to build an effective bureaucracy paving the way to absolutism in France. Jean Baptiste Colbert This mercantilist economist was the financial advisor to Louis XIV his policies were based on the economic theory of mercantilism. Palace of Versailles a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles to lesson the power of the nobles and demonstrate the power of the king. War of the Spanish Succession () war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France. , () war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France. Ended at Utrecht in 1713; The big winner in the war was Great Britain. Thirty Years' War A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Wars ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. Most of the fighting took place in the Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire. Peace of Westphalia Ended Thirty Years War, its consequences weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, strengthened France by awarding it German Territory, ended religious warfare in Europe. Made it clear that religion and politics were now separate Maria Theresa Proved that women were capable of effectively ruling a country. She was the first woman monarch to rule in modern Central Europe in 1740. She had to fight off Prussia as soon as she ascended to the throne to keep her Empire. Frederick the Great King of Prussia (). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession () and the Seven Years' War (), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe. He followed his father's military policies and encouraged religious toleration and legal reforms. Created a military society and had a standing army of 80,000 men one of the largest and best in Europe War of Austrian Succession A group of several related conflicts involving most of the states of Europe that were triggered by the death of the Emperor Charles VI and the accession of his daughter Maria Theresa in 1740 to the Austrian throne. Seven Years War Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America, a conflict in Europe, North America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries. Ivan the Terrible () earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Killed his son. Westernization Policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. Boyar a landowning noble of Russia Question: What were some of the ways that Peter tried to westernize Russia? 1) introduced potatoes, which became the staple of the Russian diet. 2)started Russia's first newspaper and edited it's first issue himself. 3)raised women's status by having them attend social gatherings. 4)ordered the nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions. 5)advanced education by opening a school of navigation and introducing schools for the arts and sciences. Peter the Great () Russian tsar (r. ). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Claim to fame, he Creating St. Petersburg as Russia's new capital, Westernized Russia and made Cultural reforms. St. Petersburg Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden Charles I King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War () in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649; Son of James I. James I the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (); Cousin of Elizabeth I. English Civil War Charles I tried to advocate the divine right of kings and bring more absolutist policies to England. He was also seen as bringing too much Catholic influence to the Church of England. War broke out between Parliament's supporters (Roundheads) and the kings's supporters (Cavaliers). Later Charles I was tried and executed in 1649 as a"tyrant,traitor,murderer,and public enemy". Oliver Cromwell, leader of military,ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658. Oliver Cromwell English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War () and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England () he ruled as a virtual dictator. Established Commonwealth; Drafted a Constitution; Put down a rebellion in Ireland. He Restored Parliament, Gave Parliament more power and the people more rights setting the foundation for a Constitutional Monarch. However, he then agreed with Hobbes, tore up the constitution and ruled as a military dictator! Constitutional Monarchy form of government in which the monarch's powers are limited by a constitution. Britain was the first country to establish a Constitutional Monarchy. Petition of Right Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land, 1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peacetime. Maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament. Most of the fighting during the Thirty Years' War took place in Germanic lands also known as the Holy Roman Empire The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances were based on the economic theory of mercantilism Thomas Hobbes stated that human nature was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order. What country were the Habsburgs from? Austria What country were the Bourbons from? France King Louis the XIV gave himself this nickname. The Sun King In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna, Austria was seriously threatened by the Ottoman Empire. The Fronde, an uprising in France that nearly overthrew Louis XIV early in his reign, was a revolt of the French nobility. Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblock to building a strong monarchy was resistance by the great nobles. After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the Holy Roman Empire was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states. As Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in strengthening the central role of the monarchy. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War between France and Germany and also did what? Made it clear that religion and politics were now separate