DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS 8TH EDITION TEST BANK Whetten and Cameron Complete 2023 | 2024

DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS 8TH EDITION TEST BANK Whetten and Cameron Complete 2023 | 2024. Employees at Turner, Inc. are engaged in a debate over the merits of an individual vs. a teambased compensation program. Based on Trompenaars' dimensions of national culture, which cultural dimension does this debate most closely relate to? A) Universalism vs. particularism B) Individualism vs. collectivism C) Affective vs. neutral D) Achievement vs. ascription E) Internal vs. external Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. Universalism vs. particularism refers to whether behavior is governed by universal standards and rules, or whether it is governed by one's relationships with others (i.e., behavior varies depending on the situation). B) Correct. Individualism v. collectivism refers to whether the culture emphasizes the individual versus the group. C) Incorrect. Affective vs. neutral refers to whether a culture openly shows emotion in public, or whether the culture more highly values stoicism and rationality. D) Incorrect. Achievement vs. ascription refers to whether an individual obtains status based on personal accomplishments or based on characteristics such as age, family status, gender, etc. E) Incorrect. Internal vs. external refers to whether the individual is in control of his own destiny, or whether the individual is a product of his external environment. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCultural Values Skill: Understanding 46) It is obvious that Talia values her privacy as she rarely talks about her husband and children in conversations with her co-workers. Based on Trompenaars' dimensions of national culture, which cultural dimension does Talia's behavior in the workplace most closely relate to? A) Specific vs. diffuse B) Achievement vs. ascription C) Universalism vs. particularism D) Individualism vs. collectivism E) Affective vs. neutral Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. Talia is segregating her personal and professional lives, which relates to the specific vs. diffuse cultural dimension. B) Incorrect. Talia is segregating her personal and professional lives, which relates to the specific vs. diffuse cultural dimension. C) Incorrect. Talia is segregating her personal and professional lives, which relates to the specific vs. diffuse cultural dimension. D) Incorrect. Talia is segregating her personal and professional lives, which relates to the specific vs. diffuse cultural dimension. E) Incorrect. Talia is segregating her personal and professional lives, which relates to the specific vs. diffuse cultural dimension. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCultural Values Skill: Recall 47) Research indicates that business managers A) place higher emphasis on personal values rather than social values. B) place higher emphasis on social values rather than personal values. C) place higher emphasis on instrumental values rather than terminal values. D) differ in the emphasis placed on social values according to gender. Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. However, this tendency is not always beneficial. A better balance of personal and social values may increase managerial and organizational performance. B) Incorrect. Business managers place a higher emphasis on personal values that social ones. C) Incorrect. The research cited in the text does not discuss potential differences in emphasis on instrumental and terminal values. On the other hand, business managers do place a higher emphasis on personal values that social ones. D) Incorrect. The research cited in the text states that there are no differences in emphasis on social values based on gender. On the other hand, business managers do place a higher emphasis on personal values that social ones. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessPersonal Values Skill: Recall 48) Your boss was arrested for embezzlement at the office. As he walks past you handcuffed, he states, "You know, you and I possess the same values, we just differ by degrees." Which is the boss an example of? A) Terminal values B) Poor ethical decision making C) Poor information gathering D) Conformity level of values maturity Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. Terminal values are prescribed desirable ends or goals. The boss is an example of poor ethical decision making. B) Correct. This indicates that he has a value system that emphasizes honesty and company loyaltyhowever, he failed to act in accordance with it. C) Incorrect. There is no indication that your boss failed to gather relevant information. The boss is an example of poor ethical decision making. D) Incorrect. Conformity values maturity refers to moral reasoning based on an individual's conforming to and upholding the expectations of society. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 72-73 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessPersonal Values Skill: Understanding 49) Research suggests that (1) individuals differ in their level of values development, (2) individuals hold different sets of instrumental values at different stages of development, and (3) peoples' value priorities do not change once they become adults. Which statements are correct? A) All three statements are correct. B) Only statements 1 and 3 are correct. C) Only statements 1 and 2 are correct. D) Only statements 2 and 3 are correct. Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Rather than becoming permanently fixed in early adulthood, an individual's value priorities do in fact change according to his or her value maturity. B) Incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Rather than becoming permanently fixed in early adulthood, an individual's value priorities do in fact change according to his or her value maturity. C) Correct. Statement 3 is incorrect. Rather than becoming permanently fixed in early adulthood, an individual's value priorities do in fact change according to his or her value maturity. D) Incorrect. Statement 3 is incorrect. Rather than becoming permanently fixed in early adulthood, an individual's value priorities do in fact change according to his or her value maturity. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 69 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessPersonal Values Skill: Recall 50) During the 1992 riots in Los Angeles where many individuals took merchandise, some argued that looters took only what they needed, like food and diapers, whereas others argued looters took only what they had been denied by the system, like TVs and stereos. If these looters were focusing on their own needs, what was their level of values maturity? A) First level of maturity B) Second level of maturity C) Third level of maturity Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. The first level of maturity is called the self-centered level and focuses on personal needs and wants. B) Incorrect. The second level of maturity is called the conformity level and focuses on conforming the individual's behavior to societal norms and expectations. The first level of maturity is called the self-centered level and focuses on personal needs and wants. C) Incorrect. The third level of maturity is called the principled level and focuses on judging right and wrong based on a set of internalized principles. The first level of maturity is called the self-centered level and focuses on personal needs and wants. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessValues Maturity Skill: Analysis/Evaluation 51) You need a little extra money, so you added an extra $100 to your expense reimbursement statement before handing the receipts over to accounting. Your co-worker Sara added over $1000 to her statement. If you believe Sara's actions are worse than yours, what is your level of values maturity? A) First level of maturity B) Second level of maturity C) Third level of maturity Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. Under the self-centered level, stealing $1000 is worse because it has more negative consequences to your company. B) Incorrect. Under the conformity level of maturity, you would view both actions as equally violating societal expectations and norms. C) Incorrect. Under the principled level of maturity, you would view both actions as equally violating universal principles of right and wrong. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 71 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessValues Maturity Skill: Analysis/Evaluation 52) You added an extra $100 to your expense statement and Sara added an extra $1000 to her expense statement. If you believe both of you are equally wrong (this does violate company policy), what is your level of values maturity? A) First level of maturity B) Second level of maturity C) Third level of maturity Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. Under the first level of maturity, Sara's actions would be worse because they caused more financial damage to the company. B) Correct. Though you would hold the behaviors equally wrong under both the second and third levels of maturity, the difference is that under the second level, it is wrong because it violates a rule or policy, rather than because it violates universal principles of right and wrong. C) Incorrect. Though under the third level of maturity, you would view both behaviors as equally egregious, it would not be based on a violation of company policy, but rather on universal principles of right and wrong. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 70-71 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessValues Maturity Skill: Analysis/Evaluation 53) If you stole something to save a stranger's life (you received no compensation), what would be your level of moral judgment? A) First level of maturity B) Second level of maturity C) Third level of maturity Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. You were not acting for your own needs or self-interest, which is the basis of the first level of maturity. B) Incorrect. You violated the law and societal expectations, which are the basis of the second level of maturity. C) Correct. You made a judgment that human life is more important than laws against stealing, which seems to be based on universal principles of right and wrong. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 72 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessValues Maturity Skill: Analysis/Evaluation 54) As manager, you have decided to enforce a new policy restricting dating in the office. You are comfortable with the policy and have decided that the policy will affect you also. Which ethical test did you most likely employ? A) Personal gain test B) Equal treatment test C) Cost-benefit test D) Golden rule test Answer: D Explanation: A) Incorrect. The personal gain test asks the question: "Would I make the decision the same way if it did not benefit me in any way?" Here there is no indication that you have benefited from the new policy. The golden rule test asks whether you would be willing to be treated in the same manner. B) Incorrect. The equal treatment test asks whether you are considering the perspectives of minorities and lower status people. Here there is no evidence that the policy has any particular effect on privileged or unprivileged individuals, so this test is not applicable. The golden rule test asks whether you would be willing to be treated in the same manner. C) Incorrect. The cost-benefit test asks whether the benefit to one group causes unacceptable harm to another. This policy is being enforced uniformly and there is no evidence of potential unacceptable harm to others. The golden rule test asks whether you would be willing to be treated in the same manner. D) Correct. The golden rule test asks whether you would be willing to be treated in the same manner. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 73-74 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessEthical Decision Making and Values Skill: Understanding 55) If your goal in life is to live a stimulating and active life, what is this an example of? A) Terminal value B) Instrumental value C) Attitudinal value D) Interpersonal need value Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. Your goal of living a stimulating and active life is a desirable end, which means that it is a terminal (versus an instrumental) value. B) Incorrect. A terminal value prescribes a desirable end, while an instrumental value prescribes the means. C) Incorrect. This is an example of a terminal value, which prescribes a desirable end, in this case, living a stimulating and active life. D) Incorrect. This is an example of a terminal value, which prescribes a desirable end, in this case, living a stimulating and active life. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 68-69 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessPersonal Values Skill: Recall 56) If you believe a government policy would benefit those that are less advantaged than yourself, what view of ethics is this? A) Golden rule test B) Equal treatment test C) Cost-benefit test D) Personal gain test Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. This policy provides a benefit, therefore it is not productive to ask if you would be willing to be treated in the same manner. This policy actually implicates the equal treatment test. B) Correct. This policy appears to give full consideration to the rights and needs of the less advantaged. C) Incorrect. There is no evidence of unacceptable harm to others who do not benefit from the test. This policy actually implicates the equal treatment test. D) Incorrect. You have nothing to gain from the policy and do not have to consider whether you would make the same decision absent the personal benefit. This policy actually implicates the equal treatment test. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 73-74 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessEthical Decision Making and Values Skill: Understanding 57) Your personal cognitive style is based on which of the following two dimensions? A) The manner in which you gather information and whether you think it is true B) The manner in which you gather information and the way in which you act on that information C) Horizontal and vertical D) The manner in which others gather information about you and the way you react to their behaviors Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. Whether you think information is true is not part of your personal cognitive style, rather, what is important is the way you act on that information. B) Correct. Cognitive style refers to the inclination each of us has to perceive, interpret, and respond to information in a certain way. The three dimensions of cognitive style are knowing, planning, and creating. C) Incorrect. Horizontal and vertical are geometric dimensions, but the two dimensions of personal cognitive style are the manner in which you gather information and the way in which you act on that information. D) Incorrect. The manner in which others gather information about you is indicative of their cognitive learning style rather than yours. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74-75 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Recall 58) Which of the following statements are true? 1. Your cognitive style is the same as your personality type. 2. Your cognitive style is innate and cannot be changed. 3. The three cognitive styles are knowing, planning, and creating. A) Statement 3 is true, and statements 1 and 2 are false. B) Statements 2 and 3 are true, and statement 1 is false. C) None of the statements are true. D) All of the statements are true. Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. Statement 1 is incorrectCognitive style and personality type are not the same. Statement 2 is incorrect. Cognitive styles are habits but are not unchangeable. Statement 3 is correct. B) Incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrectCognitive style and personality type are not the same. Statement 2 is incorrect. Cognitive styles are habits but are not unchangeable. Statement 3 is correct. C) Incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrectCognitive style and personality type are not the same. Statement 2 is incorrect. Cognitive styles are habits but are not unchangeable. Statement 3 is correct. D) Incorrect. Statement 1 is incorrectCognitive style and personality type are not the same. Statement 2 is incorrect. Cognitive styles are habits but are not unchangeable. Statement 3 is correct. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74-75 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Recall 59) At the beginning of your team's first meeting, Betsy said, "I think it's really important that we develop a clear agenda for what we want to accomplish and then decide who is going to do what." Based on this comment, you suspect that Betsy is strongest on which dimension of cognitive style? A) Knowing B) Planning C) Creating D) Assimilating Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. People with a strong knowing style emphasize facts, details, and data. They do not necessarily emphasize agendas and structured planning. B) Correct. People with a strong planning style emphasize agendas and structured planning. C) Incorrect. People with a strong creating style emphasize innovation and risk-taking. They tend to be resistant to structure. D) Incorrect. Assimilating is not one of the dimensions of cognitive style. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74-75 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Application 60) During a meeting, Bruce turns to you and comments, "We really shouldn't be making a decision until we have got a better handle on the facts and data. New ideas are fine, but if we can't back them up with credible and precise analysis, we shouldn't be taking the risk." Based on this comment, you recognize that Bruce is probably strongest on which dimension of cognitive style? A) Knowing B) Planning C) Creating D) Accommodating Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. People with a strong knowing style tend to emphasize facts, details, and precise data analysis. They often are skeptical of innovation. B) Incorrect. People with a strong planning style focus on agendas, rules, and routines, but don't necessarily insist upon precision about facts and data. C) Incorrect. People with a strong creating style emphasize innovation and risk-taking, and are tolerance of rule-breaking even in the absence of clear data. D) Incorrect. Accommodating is not one of the dimensions of cognitive style. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74-75 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Application 61) After graduation you have decided to stay in Bedford Falls, the only place you have ever known. Which area of self-awareness probably affected your decision? A) Cognitive style B) Interpersonal needs C) Attitudes toward change D) Instrumental values Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. Your decision to stay in the only town you have ever lived in indicates that you are resistant to change and is not a product of the way you process information. B) Incorrect. It is more likely that your decision to stay in the only town you have ever lived in indicates that you are resistant to change. C) Correct. The text mentions two dimensions of orientation toward change: (1) Tolerance of ambiguity and (2) locus of control. That you wanted to remain in the same town you grew up in indicates that you probably have a low tolerance for ambiguity, making you resistant to change. D) Incorrect. Instrumental values prescribe standards or means of reaching a goal, and the question does not indicate that you made a decision based on particular values. On the other hand, your decision to stay in the only town you have ever lived in indicates that you are resistant to change. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77-78 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessAttitudes Toward Change Skill: Understanding 62) Your co-worker Sandy plans her vacations 12 months in advance and is the first to volunteer to create agendas for team meetings. Which cognitive style does Sandy's behavior exhibit? A) Creating cognitive style B) Obsessive cognitive style C) Planning cognitive style D) None of the above Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. The creating cognitive style emphasizes creativity, spontaneity, and risk-taking. Sandy's 12-month vacation plans and focus on preparation for team meetings is an example of the planning cognitive style. B) Incorrect. Obsessive is not one of the three cognitive styles. Sandy's 12-month vacation plans and focus on preparation for team meetings is an example of the planning cognitive style. C) Correct. Planning cognitive style is exhibited by structure, preparation, and planning. Sandy's 12-month vacation plans and focus on preparation for team meetings is an example of the planning cognitive style. D) Incorrect. Sandy's 12-month vacation plans and focus on preparation for team meetings is an example of the planning cognitive style. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Understanding/Analysis 63) Research suggests individuals with low tolerance for ambiguity and low cognitive complexity are A) better transmitters of information. B) able to interpret more cues. C) less behaviorally adaptive. D) unable to understand abstract ideas. Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. Individuals with high tolerance for ambiguity tend to be better transmitters of information. B) Incorrect. Individuals with high tolerance for ambiguity tend to be better able to interpret cues. C) Correct. Behavior adaptation often depends on one's ability to deal with ambiguous, incomplete, and unstructured situations. By definition, an individual with a low tolerance for ambiguity will have more difficulty in such a situation. D) Incorrect. A low tolerance for ambiguity does not mean that an individual is less intelligent or that he is unable to understand abstract ideas, but rather that the individual may have a more difficult time doing so. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77-78 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessAttitudes Toward Change Skill: Recall 64) Individuals who tend to prefer jobs in fields such as social work where personal interactions predominate have which cognitive style ? A) Creating cognitive style B) Knowing cognitive style C) Planning cognitive style D) None of the three cognitive styles are more likely in individuals who choose such a career. Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. People with a creating cognitive style are likely to prefer experimentation, nonrational thinking, and creativity. This leads them to choose careers where personal interactions predominate. B) Incorrect. Individuals with a knowing cognitive style prefer jobs that have a technical problem-solving emphasis. Individuals with a creating cognitive style tend to choose careers where personal interactions predominate. C) Incorrect. Individuals with a planning cognitive style prefer jobs where information-gathering predominates. Individuals with a creating cognitive style tend to choose careers where personal interactions predominate. D) Incorrect. Individuals with a creating cognitive style tend to choose careers where personal interactions predominate. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75-77 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessCognitive Style Skill: Understanding/Analysis 65) If a job requires someone to be able to focus on only one element of information in order to not become distracted, which of the following would best match those requirements? A) High tolerance of ambiguity B) Low tolerance of ambiguity C) High instrumental values D) Low cognitive style Answer: B Explanation: A) Incorrect. A high tolerance of ambiguity means that an individual may have a difficult time focusing on a particular task or element of information. An individual with a low tolerance for ambiguity sometimes has difficulty focusing on several tasks at once, but may more easily focus on a single element of information. B) Correct. An individual with a low tolerance for ambiguity sometimes has difficulty focusing on several tasks at once, but may more easily focus on a single element of information. C) Incorrect. Instrumental values refer to desirable standards of conduct and are unrelated to one's ability to focus on a single task. An individual with a low tolerance for ambiguity sometimes has difficulty focusing on several tasks at once, but may more easily focus on a single element of information. D) Incorrect. Low cognitive style is not a term used in the text. An individual with a low tolerance for ambiguity sometimes has difficulty focusing on several tasks at once, but may more easily focus on a single element of information. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77-78 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessAttitudes Toward Change Skill: Understanding 66) The individual most likely to be entrepreneurial in his/her actions is someone with a(n) A) high tolerance of ambiguity. B) low tolerance of ambiguity. C) external locus of control. D) lateral locus of control. Answer: A Explanation: A) Correct. This is because they thrive in situations that are unclear, dynamic, and unstructured. B) Incorrect. Individuals with a high tolerance for ambiguity are more likely to be entrepreneurial. Individuals with a low tolerance for ambiguity are less flexible and adaptive. C) Incorrect. Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be entrepreneurial, as are individuals with a high tolerance for ambiguity. D) Incorrect. Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be entrepreneurial, as are individuals with a high tolerance for ambiguity. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessAttitudes Toward Change Skill: Recall 67) You think you would like to join the Peace Corps and see the world, live in another culture, and experience new situations. Which subscale from the Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale would indicate whether you would enjoy the Peace Corps experience? A) Insolubility B) Complexity C) Novelty D) None of the above Answer: C Explanation: A) Incorrect. Insolubility indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of problems that are difficult to solve. The novelty subscale would indicate whether you would enjoy the experience. Novelty indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of new, unfamiliar information or circumstances. B) Incorrect. Complexity indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of multiple, distinctive, or unrelated information. The novelty subscale would indicate whether you would enjoy the experience. Novelty indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of new, unfamiliar information or circumstances. C) Correct. Novelty indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of new, unfamiliar information or circumstances. D) Incorrect. The novelty subscale would indicate whether you would enjoy the experience. Novelty indicates the extent to which you are tolerant of new, unfamiliar information or circumstances. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: Important Areas of Self-AwarenessAttitudes Toward Change Skill: Analysis/Evaluation 68) Bob enjoys his management professor. She hands out vague assignments and encourages him to be creative and to look at things a different way. Which best describes Bob's tolerance? A) Tolerant of familiar information B) Tolerant of distinctive or unrelated information C) Intolerant of problems that are difficult to solve D) Tolerant of contradictory information