Pathology - lecture notes week 1 for midterm. including images

Pathology 3500 Pathology: (week 2: introduction/causes of diseases) Pathos meaning disease or suffering Logia meaning study Pathology is the study of suffering and illness. In particular, pathology is the study of the structural and functional changes in cell, tissues, and other organs of the body that cause diseases. Disease: Diseases result from some disorder to cells as a result of physical and environmental insults or a genetic aberration. Disease is the pattern of response of living organisms to injury. When cells fail to adapt to the injury or the adaptive mechanism itself becomes harmful, disease results. Thus, disease is any deviation from, or interruption of, the normal structure or function of a tissue, organ, or system. Physical signs: Help to identify disease Signs that can be objectively observed or measured by a physician, e.g., fever, a swollen ankle, an abnormal heartbeat, or the alteration of some physiological, biochemical, or morphological parameter. Clinical symptoms: Subjective complaints described by the patient, e.g., pain, nausea. In many cases, these changes appear late in the disease process, long after a disease is present and has been acting at the cellular level Symptoms: Subjective evidence of disease Ex: what patient tells you (having pain) Signs: Objective evidence of disease