psy 140 exam 1 study guide 2023 with complete solution

Frederick is reading about the ways in which learning can be influenced by different factors. He come to reasonable conclusions that are supported by the information he gathers. What is Frederick doing? critical thinking Jacob's father thinks he was born to be a skilled ice-skater just like his mother and older sister, but Jacob's mother thinks that his skills and interests come from growing up in a household full of skaters. What long-standing debate is at the heart of the disagreement between Jacob's parents? the nature/nurture Josiah has formed a theory that consumption of sugar makes it difficult for people to fall asleep within one hour. He has designed a study where his hypothesis is that the more sugar people eat, the longer it will take before they can go to sleep. What should Josiah do next? test his hypothesis Judith is conducting an experiment on mood and problem solving. She plans to have study participants read either a funny story or a sad story before taking a math test. What is the dependent variable in Judith's study? the number of math problems participants correctly solved Kerrie is an undergraduate who is thinking about majoring in psychology. She also works part-time, and she is very interested in how her company builds morale and helps motivate her coworkers. What subfield of psychology might Kerrie want to examine more closely? organizational psychology Louisa is writing an essay that discusses the concept of dualism, which says that the mind and body are separate but connected parts of a person. Which philosopher's writings should Louisa pay special attention to? Descartes psychologists are scientists who study behavior and mental processes through observation and measurement. What is this approach to understanding psychology called? empiricism psychologists from which school of thought are concerned with functions that behaviorism cannot explain, such as intelligence and problem solving? cognitive psychology which level of analysis in psychology examines the differences that exist between people in personality and mental processes that affect perception and understanding? individual level three key questions to ask when thinking critically 1. What am I being asked to believe or accept? 2. What evidence is provided to support this claim? 3. What are the most reasonable conclusions? ethical research guidelines 1. research must be reviewed and approved by a board of experts before. 2. participants' information must be protected and made available only to the few people who need it. 3. cannot ask participants to expose themselves to unnecessary risk or discomfort as part of a study. which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychology and physical conditions? psychoanalytic theory which psychological school of thought focused on hoe to study subjective perspectives as a unified whole? gestalt psychology which research scenario would be most relevant to interpersonal behavior researchers, who work at the social level of analysis? tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she comes close to breaking up with him, he persuades her to give him another chance. You see a newspaper headline that claims that eating pizza is deadly. However, when you read the original scientific article cited in the news, you notice that investigators only found a correlation between pizza consumption and death over a 10-year period. Given what you know about correlation, how would you explain this relationship? pizza consumption and death are related somehow, but a correlation study is not able to reveal any kind of casual relationship After a very stressful midterm exam, Sherri needed to relax. As she lay on her bed, she felt her breathing slow and her heart rate decrease. Which of the following divisions of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was likely in control of her organs? parasympathetic After her car accident, Sheila had to be placed on a respirator because she could no longer breathe on her own. Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the medulla Angela accidently ingested an acetylcholine antagonist. Which of the following statements accurately describes the most likely effect of the drug? the drug may cause deficits in Angela's memory Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes? their genotypes will predispose them toward certain traits, but their environments influence whether those traits are expressed in their phenotypes Ebony is currently asleep in her bed, and her brain is getting ready to wake her up to start the day. Which part of her hindbrain is responsible for regulating these functions, as well as coordinating movement in the left and right sides of her body? pons Ellie and Samantha are monozygotic twins who were raised in different families and have never met. What traits could one expect them to have in common? scores on iq tests, career achievement, and likelihood to start fights For Inez to be able to get out of bed in the morning, which of the following must occur at the neural level? her terminal buttons have to release neurotransmitters Marco and Lilah are male and female twins born 5 minutes apart. Some people call them "fraternal" twins, but you know that the technical name is __________ twins. dizygotic Richard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising notion that "sex sells." To investigate, Richard will have men and women view video advertisements that are highly erotic while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity. Which of the following predictions best reflects the likely results of the study? men's amygdalae will be more active than women's When Elaine's hand accidentally touched the hot stove, she quickly pulled it away. She did not even have to think about it; moving her hand seemed to occur automatically. It is unlikely that this could have been possible without the effective operation of which nervous system? somatic when you receive touch information i tis processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the _______ lobe. parietal which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system which step of neural communication involves a neuron assessing the signals that it is receiving from other sources? integration While Captain Montagne is flying the airplane full of passengers from New York to Houston, she engages the autopilot so that the plane will fly itself automatically for a while. Which part of your nervous system is similar to the autopilot of the airplane? autonomic nervous system Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged? hippocampus according to one theory, consciousness arises from the activity of specific areas of the brain. In other words, the parts of your brain currently active contribute to your moment-to-moment experience. What is the name of this theory? the global workspace model After using this drug, Joey felt the effects of all three classes of drug: stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics—he felt uplifted and social, he was relaxed, and he experienced vivid taste sensations. Which drug do you think he used? marijuana Brandon got hypnotized at a student life activity as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as Brandon was told by the hypnotist to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, his friends speculated that Brandon was not faking hypnosis but that he was behaving as he expected hypnotized people to behave. This represents the __________ theory of hypnosis. sociocognitive Bruce used to experience a great deal of euphoria from a small amount of heroin. Now, however, he must consume a great deal more to get "high" because he is experiencing increased tolerance Dottie is watching a television commercial for a well-known beer. The words "Buy Beer" flash on the screen, but they flash so quickly that Dottie is not consciously aware of them. The advertisers are hoping that the commercial will make Dottie and other viewers want to buy more of their beer based on __________ perception of the words. subliminal Dr. Baylor is talking to her students about what it means for a person to be hypnotized, and how hypnosis happens. "When people are hypnotized," she says, "their awareness is separated from other aspects of their consciousness." Dr. Baylor is explaining the __________ theory of hypnosis. dissociation Eva goes roller-skating every day, partly for exercise and partly because of the feeling she experiences when she is skating. She feels euphoric and completely engrossed in the activity, and she often loses track of time. What is the word for what Eva experiences? flow in one study, people were shown pictures of appetizing food while in an MRI scanner. Some participants showed higher levels of activity in the brain's reward regions after seeing the food pictures, and that group of participants ended up gaining more weight over the next 6 months. What do these experimental results indicate? some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food in which of the following examples is a person experiencing a state of altered cosciousness? Marion is in a coma after falling down 2 stories and striking her head on the pavement. Janet is an ambitious college student who plans to apply for graduate school and is very concerned about her academic performance. She always tries to get a good night's sleep because she believes that neural connections underlying learning are strengthened during sleep. Which theory of sleep does Janet subscribe to? consolidation theory stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens psychoactive drugs T.L. suffered from severe seizures and had surgery to sever her corpus callosum. In patients like T.L., as well as in the average person, the _________ hemisphere interprets behavior that is processed in the __________ hemisphere. left; right When Marcus goes to play golf, he steps up to his ball and swings the club without thinking at all about his technique. Due to years of practice and repetition Marcus has most likely begun to use __________ processes when swinging his golf club. unconscious which of the following words means "about a day" and refers to biological patterns that include sleep? circadian You and your girlfriend are watching your favorite movie when you glance over and notice that she's dozed off. You shake her awake but she denies having been asleep. She was probably experiencing which type of sleep? stage 1 sleep a baby who shows little interest in her caregiver would likely be classified as having an _____________ attachment style avoidant would likely be classified as having an _____________ attachment style secure would likely be classified as having an _____________ attachment style ambivalent Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identity versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors might we expect Abrahim to exhibit? wanting to change his major every few months Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness of teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of generativity v. stagnation Jason, a health teacher, explains to his class that for a __________ to be created, the sperm of a male must unite with the egg from a female, a process that takes place during the __________ prenatal period. zygote; germinal Katrice is 86 years old. She has never been married, has no children, and lives alone. She has only one or two friends whom she rarely sees, and as she thinks back over her life she realizes that she never did most of the things she wanted to do. She now is full of regret and feels that she has wasted her life. According to Erikson, Katrice is most likely experiencing the psychosocial crisis of despair Ken, who is now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger except for remembering events that occurred when he was a child. Louann is expecting her first child and her best friend asks her how far along in the pregnancy she is. "I'll give you a hint," Louann says. "I'm in the prenatal period that is a critical time for organ formation." Louann's friend has taken a course in developmental psychology, so she knows that the baby is in the __________ period. embryonic One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, because he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of mind Rena is pregnant, and she is also a heavy consumer of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely impact drinking will have on her child? her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs Russell is at a video game store with his friends, and he sees an opportunity to steal a new video game without being seen. He decides not to steal the game because his friends will not think it is cool to do that. Russell is likely operating at Kohlberg's __________ level of moral development. conventional Tashina is studying the process of prenatal development and is interested in the way the environment affects a baby's prenatal development. She spends time studying how birth defects can occur in a developing baby due to environmental influences called teratogens the most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the ______________ period. embryonicto to try to get her baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in her newborn baby? rooting reflex When Marcia and Stanley drop their 12-month-old son off at day care, he does not seem at all disturbed that they are leaving. He prefers to play by himself or with other kids. When they show up later on to pick him up, he crawls away from them. Based on this, the toddler is most likely demonstrating a(n) __________ attachment to his parents. avoidant While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He then turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is at the __________ level of moral reasoning. conventional Abel and Junko are both artists, but Abel works in a theater while Junko paints and draws. When working with color, Abel uses light and Junko uses pigment. Abel's art relies on __________ and Junko's on __________. additive color mixing; subtractive color mixing Brenda is a sales clerk restocking sweaters on shelves. Because it is winter, the sweaters are not on sale and are marked at full price. However, Brenda places the entire inventory of sweaters on the "half-off" shelves. In signal detection theory, this would be considered a miss Glenna goes to the concert given by her daughter's third-grade orchestra, even though she knows the students will play out of tune. As the instruments play, the sound waves travel into Glenna's auditory canals and strike tightly stretched membranes. The sensory process by which Glenna will hear the music begins with the vibration of the eardrum Jess is skating in a Roller Derby bout. A referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In a process called perception, Jess's brain processes the signals and constructs a representation of the whistle, which means "stop skating" Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste difference is right at the __________ threshold. difference Merlin is getting older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well but also can use cues to locate where a sound came from. The owl is able to do this because sounds reach the closest ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the location. Moira hardly believed Professor Jaeger when he told her that we all have a blind spot in each visual field. The professor explained that blind spots exist because no rods or cones exist on the sport where the optic nerve attaches to the retina Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain? slow fibers Shelley has a cold and her nose is stuffed up so she cannot smell anything. It is likely that the cold is reducing Shelley's sense of smell by affecting a structure located deep inside her nasal cavity called the epithelium the gestalt psychologists identified several principles that explain how visual grouping works. Which of the following was not one of them? opponent-process When Delmar visits the zoo, he is fascinated by the beautiful colors of the peacock's feathers. As the light from the animal's tail feathers passes through Delmar's pupils, it is then focused onto the back of the eye by an adjustable transparent structure called the lens When Lola walks into her favorite Chinese restaurant, she instantly smells delicious food that she cannot wait to taste. As the oderants enter her nose, they are converted from a physical stimulus to a neural signal in a process called transduction When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors convert the chemical molecules into signals transmitted to the brain by the __________ in the process of __________. facial nerve; transduction when listening to her favorite female vocalist, Maggie's auditory system encodes different frequencies at different locations on her basilar membrane. This mechanism for encoding frequency is called place coding which of the following is the most accurate statement about Cyril, who is a "supertaster"? he is more likely than others to feel pain when eating very spicy foods. Anya was taking some medicine that upset her stomach. Later that day, when she drank orange juice, she became violently ill. Since then, Anya feels sick to her stomach if she even thinks about orange juice. One day when Anya is out with friends, the waitress puts a glass of grapefruit juice near her. Anya immediately feels sick to her stomach. Anya's nausea to the grapefruit juice is most likely the result of stimulus generalization Bri is a new student at a community college. This term, she has classes in the A Wing, C Wing, and D Wing, but not in the B Wing. However, she has to walk through the B Wing all the time to get to her classes. Next term, Bri has a class in the B Wing, and she knows exactly where the room is, which is best explained by a cognitive map EunKyung's oven is dirty, and it smokes whenever she bakes anything. EunKyung is worried that it will catch fire, so anytime she smells smoke while baking, she quickly checks the oven. EunKyung is most likely experiencing a form of nonassociative learning called sensitization Fred's sister just got a cat. Fred is allergic to the cat, and whenever it gets near him, Fred sneezes. Fred's sister puts a collar with a bell on the cat, so Fred will know when it is nearby. Soon, whenever Fred hears the bell, even from far away, his nose begins to itch. In this situation, Fred has experienced classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response is the sneezing Gustavo watched a cooking show on television demonstrating how to make chicken Parmesan. Even though he has never made chicken Parmesan, he explains to a friend how to make it. Gustavo's knowledge of cooking chicken Parmesan is best explained by observational learning Lorraine just got a new puppy, and she wants to train it to go through the flap in the back door. Every third time the puppy goes through the flap, Lorraine gives him a doggie treat. Lorraine is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement to train the puppy. fixed ratio Pippy is playing a joke on her brother. Every time he turns on the television with the remote control, she screams "BOO!" at him as loudly as she can. When she repeatedly pairs the remote control with the scream she is in which stage of classical conditioning? stage 2 - presenting the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus Poor baby Ezra was born with a very specific type of brain damage: he has no mirror neurons in his brain. The lack of mirror neurons will most likely affect Ezra's ability to learn through observation seven-year-old Michelle used to use her mother's perfume all the time, but Michelle's mother would yell at her when she found out. Based on these experiences, Michelle has learned to not use the perfume. Michelle's learning is most likely the result of ______________ in the brain. long-term potentiation Thomas is a 10-year-old boy in treatment for his phobia of dogs. His therapist gives Thomas his favorite treats whenever he can be near a dog without crying. Now Thomas can be in the same room with a dog without being afraid. The therapist successfully treated Thomas's phobia through the use of counterconditioning When you bring home a new cat, you have to teach him to use the litter box. First you show him the box, and give him a treat. Then you put his paws in the box, and you give him a treat. Finally you give him a treat once he uses the box when it is "time to go." You have used the process of _____________ to teach your cat to use the litter box. shaping definition of learning change, experience, and behavior example of sensitization Klaus has learned to stay away from his boss on Mondays, because on several Mondays in the past he has seen the boss yell at coworkers. Which statement is best supported by Bandura's famous research using a Bobo doll? My children may be learning to be violent when they watch violent wrestling television shows. Your parents want to teach your little brother to stop whining. Your mother proposes taking away his toys whenever he whines. In this example, your mother wants to use __________ to reduce your brother's whining. negative punishment After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also attention After the room went dark, Gavin had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was Gavin experiencing? sensory after striking her head on a window during a car accident, Shani is knocked unconscious. When she wakes up, she knows who she is but has no memory of the accident or where she was for several hours before the collision took place. What condition is Shani experiencing? retrograde amnesia Ashley made an appointment to see her dentist at 2:30 PM on Friday. She wants to make sure that she remembers the visit, so she tells herself, "As soon as my 1:30 work meeting is over I'll go get my teeth cleaned." In order to move the information from her short-term to long-term storage Ashley is using the process of elaborative rehearsal Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday for the past several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for? episodic During a memory test, Diamond listens as a list of numbers is read to her. When the list is done she has to repeat the numbers from memory. Each time she correctly recalls all of the numbers, another number is added to the list. If Diamond has an average capacity of short-term storage, she should remember about __________ (plus or minus 2) numbers before she starts making errors. 7 Florian loves the boy band Directionless. When anyone asks him facts about the songs, such as how many top ten hits they have had, Dorian can tell them the correct information by accessing it from his __________ long-term storage. semantic rehearsal Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he has previously learned, but he does not form new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have? anterograde amnesia Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. Which of the following is this a case of? blocking Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased. reconsolidation Rommell is studying for her final exam in Introduction to Art History. To do this, Rommell is putting information into her memory in the hopes that it will stay there, unaltered, until she has to access the information during the test. This process of maintaining information in her memory is called storage Stephanie's ears perked up when she overheard her name from across the room. She had been in the middle of a conversation, but she still took note. How would filter theory explain this? Stephanie was monitoring the other conversation as a shadow message and was ready to switch her attention at the first sign of an important signal, such as hearing her own name This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to the empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the context-dependent memory effect which of the following is the most accurate statement about working memory? working memory is a synonym for short-term memory while preparing for his first chemistry exam, Jaden is studying the elements and trying to memorize their abbreviations. On test day, he is frustrated because he studied 30 elements but can only remember the abbreviation for the last 5. This tendency to remember items at the end of a list of data is called the recency effect According to Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in ___________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably score high on ________________ intelligence. bodily-kinesthetic; mathematical/logical Chuck tells his son Jeff that it's complicated to explain what a "muscle car" is. But, Chuck says, "the best example of a muscle car from the 1960s is the Mustang." Chuck has explained this concept of the muscle car based on using the prototype model Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50 his score will likely still be 110. reliable Dewey tells Skip that the prettiest girl in their English class is flirting with him and wants to date him. Skip tries to remember whether he has seen this girl flirt or date anyone, but he has never seen her pursue anyone romantically. Based on this, he concludes that Dewey is not right in his assessment of the situation. In this scenario, Skip used __________ to determine if Dewey's message was valid. informal reasoning Huck is writing a paper examining the three aspects of triarchic theory of intelligence as proposed by Robert Sternberg. Which of the following would not be a topic that Huck would cover in this essay? interpersonal intelligence Jannelle and all her high school classmates are taking a test. This test assesses how much information these students have learned in various subjects. What kind of test are they taking? achievement test Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called the availiability heuristic Jessie is taking a specific kind of cognitive test. She is asked to watch a light while she keeps one finger on a button. If the light flashes red she is to press the button, but if it flashes blue she is to leave the button untouched. The experimenter records how long it takes her to push the button in this task. This is an example of a __________ test. simple reaction time Livinia and Matthew are arguing about the most typical sport to play. Livinia says that it is football and Matthew says that it is baseball. Livinia and Matthew are disagreeing about how to organize concepts according to the prototype model Terry was making a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so it did not collapse, he remembered a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gave him an idea of how to put the cake together. Terry solved this problem by forming a appropriate analogy the word "crow" is a(n) ________________ for a type of bird, whereas the "caw" is a(n) _____________ for the sound a crow makes. symbolic representation; analogical representation Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of stereotype threat When Kathy thinks of a lemon and imagines biting one, her mouth begins to water. In this example, the picture of the lemon in her mind is an example of a(n) __________ representation. analogical Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome when you continue to push on a door to get to the next room when what you really need to do (according to the sign on the door) is pull on it? mental set which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins? whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings