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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What are the five developmental stages?
Answer: 1.Prenatal stage: subdivided into germinal, embryonic & fetal (foetal) periods 2.Neonatal stage: (approx. first 2 weeks – 4 weeks of life) – grouped with Infancy (approx. first 2 years) 3.Early childhood: approx. age 2 – 6 4. Middle childhood: approx. 6 – onset of puberty (about 12 yrs old) 5. Adolescent: puberty to adulthood
2.
What four areas are the developmental stages divided into?
Answer: 1. Physical- height, weight, brain, motor development 2. Cognitive- learning, thinking, memory, perception etc 3. Personality- the self, self concept, identity, psychological social and moral characterisitcs 4. Social- interaction and relationships, attachment, moral, religion spirituality
3.
Nature or Nurture?
Answer: 1. Nature: biological factors- brain, hormones etc 2. Nurture: Environmental influences- upbringing/poverty Cause -effect issue
4.
Continuity or discontinuity?
Answer: Core question: whether human development is continuous (gradual & smooth) or a discontinuous (abrupt & occurring in distinct steps or stages). -Both viewpoints can be seen as correct depending on type of behaviour. -Interesting aspect: whether early characteristics of the child continue into adult life. -Good guideline regarding behaviour – past & present behaviour = best predictor of future – this isn\'t fully reliable though.
5.
What is the biological perspective on development?
Answer: 1. The maturation theory: - Arnold Gesell, development is biological and naturally occurring. (theory discarded because left out environmental factors) 2. Ethological theory: Konrad Lorenz, development from evolutionary perspective 3. Evolutionary theory: Charles Darwin, nature selection, adaptation Biological perspective gained support due to correlation between biological factors and behaviour.
6.
What are the seven perspectives of development?
Answer: 1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Learning theory 4. Cognitive development 5.Contextual perspective 6. African perspective 7. Nsamenang\'s three phase theory
7.
What is the psychodynamic perspective of development?
Answer: -influence of unconscious psyche - Sigmund Freud - id, ego, superego
8.
What is the leaning theory perspective of development?
Answer: - John Locke - Behaviorism- John Watson - behavior is learned -social cognitive theory
9.
What is the cognitive development perspective of development?
Answer: - Jean Piaget - childrens thinking changes over time as they experience more - children adapt to experiences via thought processes - 3 types of memory= sensory, short term and long term
10.
What is the contextual perspective of development?
Answer: 1. Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory, child’s learning of new skills = guided by adult / older child – models & structures the learning experience - best achieved in zone of proximal development (ZPD). 2. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory - divides environment into 4 levels: 1. microsystem: child & people in immediate environment (e.g. Family) – strongly influence child development 2. mesosystem: reciprocal interactions between various microsystems – influence one another (e.g. Home, school, neighbourhood) 3. exosystem: social settings which child ay not directly experience – still influences child development (e.g. media, religious institutions etc.) 4. macrosystem: broadest environmental context: cultures & subcultures – each with own value system & ideologies – in which microsystem, mesosystem & exoystem are embedded – indirect but NB influence on child’s development. System evolves over time
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