Biochemistry WGU OA 2023 Questions With Answers

Biochemistry WGU OA 2023 Amino Acid backbone consists of Ans - 1. amino group 2. carboxyl group 3. alpha carbon 4. R group Amino group: looks likes/consists of Ans - NH3+ Carboxyl group looks like/consists of Ans - coo- Alpha carbon looks like/consists of Ans - CH The three Amino acid categories Ans - 1. hydrophobic (nonpolar) 2. polar 3. charged Hydrophobic Amino Acids Ans - non polar afraid of h20 usually in the middle/core of the protein contains H + C... C-C, or C-H Polar Amino Acids Ans - ELECTRONEGATIVE contains O + H... O-H. NH, SH Charged Amino Acids Ans - either negative or positive Ionic Amino Acid Protein structure levels Ans - 1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary what level do all proteins have Ans - tertiary Primary level of protein/amino acid Ans - held together with peptide bonds. peptide bonds hold amino acids together which forms polypeptide chains when multiple amino acids are attached together Secondary Level of protein/Amino acid Ans - forms hydrogen bonds with the amino back bone Tertiary Level of protein/amino acid Ans - The R groups interact to create the three dimensional shape Quaternary Level of protein/amino acid Ans - two or more subunits . Not all proteins have a quaternary structure.. this is where multiple amino acids are attached by polypeptide chains hydrophobic interactions Ans - weak. Can be broken with change in temp. (increasing temp) if in the center of the protein, they are stronger aggregation Ans - occurs due to hydrophobic interactions.. when hydrophobic interaction is broken, they bind to other hydrophobic amino acids. (boiling an egg) Hydrogen bonds Ans - bond with O or N weak. but the more bonds formed the more strength there is. broke by increased temp and change in PH disulfide bond Ans - covalent bond. two sulfur atoms only cysteine forms this bond. very strong. not easily broken only broken by reducing agents Ionic bond Ans - occur by opposite charges + attracts - moderately strong. broken by change in ph, or salt. increased salt competes with the ionic bond. enzymes Ans - protein catalyst that help protein reactions happen quickly. binds to active site active site Ans - where the substrate binds. forming a complex. (enzyme molecule complex) activation energy Ans - lowers the amount of energy needed to get the product. catalyzed reaction enzyme catalyzed reaction Ans - activation energy is less for the catalyzed reaction enzyme Ans - ends in ASE substrate Ans - is always before the arrow of the reaction. they can become products affinity Ans - an attraction to myoglobin Ans - higher affinity than hemoglobin. job is to store o2 has one subunit which binds to one heme group o2 and that o2 has one iron hemoglobin Ans - picks up o2 from lungs and delivers to tissues has four subunits (proteins) and each one binds to one heme group o2 and each o2 has one iron cooperatively which class of amino acids is most likely to be located on the exterior of hemoglobin. why Ans - Polar or charged. sickle cell anemia results when someone inherits 2 mutant copies of the HBB gene, which is on chromosome 11. what is the mode of inheritance. Ans - autosomal recessive autosomal recessive Ans - you have to get 2 mutated genes to have the disease autosomal dominant Ans - you can get only one mutated gene and still have the disease in the lung what do we want hgb to do Ans - pick up o2. relaxed state high ph: low co2. low H+ high affinity in the muscle what do we want hgb to do Ans - drop off o2. low affinity . tense state low ph: high co2, high H+ hemoglobin: oxygenated location Ans - lungs stabilized by co2 Hemoglobin DeOxygenated location Ans - muscle stabilized by 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Ans - higher ph has higher % hgb saturated (higher affinity the higher the ph) shift to the left is a higher affinity and a shift to the right is a lower affinity what would be expected within the muscle Ans - tense state high c02 low ph, low h+ co2 Ans - stabilizes the relax state. makes it difficult for hgb to deliver the o2, but easy to pick up o2 co2 binds to the same site of hgb that o2 does co2 has higher affinity for hgb than o2 does a newly discovered cancer drug influences methylation of histone proteins associates with the gene that codes for the p53 protein. the drug has been shown to increase the spacing between the nucleosomes associated with the gene. which of the following is true Ans - cancer pt taking the drug will have increased expression of the gene coding for p53 to increased gene expression you need to _____ the space Ans - increase what molecule fuels the activity of our bodies Ans - ATP the food we eat is converted into atp what are the three major steps in aerobic metabolsim Ans - glycolysis krebs cycle ETC what are needed as inputs for the overall process of cellular respiration. what are its outputs Ans - input: sugar, o2 output: ATP, co2, h20` sugar + o2 = ATP cellular respiration: three basic steps Ans - glycolysis krebs cycle electron transport chain Photosynthesis inputs and outputs Ans - the sun provides the energy inputs: sunlight, h20, co2 outputs: o2, and sugar glycolysis location Ans - means splitting of glucose cytoplasm krebs cycle Ans - electron transport chain Ans - cellular respiration formula Ans - C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30ATP glucose formula Ans - C6H12O6 Where does cellular respiration occur? Ans - mitochondria mitochondria Ans - has an outer and an inner membrane. Matrix Ans - the inside of mitochondria Aerobic resp Ans - glycolysis input Ans - 2ATP glucose 4 ADP 2 NAD+ glycolysis outputs Ans - 4ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 PYRUVATE Citric acid cycle aka Krebs cycle location Ans - matrix CAC inputs Ans - acetyl coa NAD+ GDP FAD CAC outputs Ans - co2 NADH GTP FADH2 NADH Ans - Can pick up high energy electrons. FADH2 Ans - Can pick up high energy electrons ETC Ans - Nadh PASSES THE ELECTRONS. o2 gets stuck with NADH. as energy is transferred the temp decreases in the electron. in the inner membrane space 3 hydrogen atoms are passed into there in the matrix water is formed ETC location Ans - inner membrane of mitochondria ETC input Ans - NADH and FADH2 o2 serves as the final acceptor. p1, ADP= these two get put together to make ATP ETC output Ans - NAD+ FAD H20 ATP ATP synthase Ans - used like a door. allows H+to enter forming 30 atp molecules cellular resp layout Ans - 1. glucose enters glycolysis 2. yields pyruvate and NADH 3. when o2 is present pyruvate moves into mitochondria matriculates and is converted to acetyl CoA 4. Acetyl CoA enters cac which generates NADH and FADH2 5. NADH and FADH2 fuels the ETC 6. o2 is present forming h20. protons move. and that movement generates ATP. what occurs during aerobic metabolism? Ans - 1.NAD+ is formed as a result of the ETC 2.NADH is formed by the CAC 3. o2 accepts electrons forming h20 4. protons move through a transmembrane protein into the matrix 5. pyruvate is converted in to acetyl CoA. No o2 in cellular resp Ans - ETC doesn't work fermentation Ans - when nad+ runs out. the NADH can go into fermentation and will regenerate NAD+ Will at least make 2 atp. instead of 30. PRODUCE 2 LACTATE how to remove lactate Ans - your liver can use two lactate and make glucose but uses 6 ATP each time. The glucose goes to the blood steam and fuels the glycolysis. Gluconeogenesis. is what cycle Ans - cori cycle Cori Cycle net ATP Ans - -4 Cori cycle Ans - 1. glucose is converted into 2 lactate regenerating NAD+ 2. 2 lactate are converted into glucose and it requires ATP Glut4 Ans - doorways on your cells to allow glucose to enter. blood glucose increases, the doorway opens allowing it to enter the cell and lower blood glucose levels insulin Ans - produced when blood glucose levels are high glucagon Ans - when glucose is low. the glut4 is closed pancreases produces insulin Ans - glycogen Ans - chain of glucose glycogenesis Ans - creates glycogen when you fast what does your body do Ans - tap into glycogen . breaking those to form glucose. anabolsim Ans - insulin glucose fatty acids amino acids metabolism Ans - glycogen triglycerides protein catabolism Ans - glucagon glycogenolysis glucose lipolysis fatty acids amino acids hydrolytic cleavage fasting Ans - glucagon is made glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis glut4 is inside the cell