Title: Test bank for McCance & Huether’s Understanding Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia Rogers

FULL - Elaborated Test Bank for McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology - A biological basis for disease in adults and Children 9Ed. by Julia Rogers ALL Chapters included update 2022 PART ONE: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues UNIT I The Cell 1 Cellular Biology 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents 3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases UNIT II Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases 5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases 6 Epigenetics and Disease UNIT III Mechanisms of Self-Defense 7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing 8 Adaptive Immunity 9 Alterations in Immunity 10 Infection 11 Stress and Disease UNIT IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer 12 Cancer Biology 13 Cancer Epidemiology 14 Cancer in Children and Adolescents UNIT V The Neurologic System 15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System 16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function 18 Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves 19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children UNIT VI The Endocrine System 21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation 22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation 23 Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging UNIT VII The Reproductive Systems 24 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems 25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System 26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System 27 Sexually Transmitted Infections UNIT VIII The Hematologic System 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System 29 Alterations of Hematologic Function 30 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children UNIT IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 31 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 32 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children UNIT X The Pulmonary System 34 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System 35 Alterations of Pulmonary Function 36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children UNIT XI The Renal and Urologic Systems 37 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems 38 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function 39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children UNIT XII The Digestive System 40 Structure and Function of the Digestive System, 1285 41 Alterations of Digestive Function 42 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children UNIT XIII The Musculoskeletal System 43 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System 44 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function 45 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children UNIT XIV The Integumentary System 46 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument 47 Alterations of the Integument in Children UNIT XV Multiple Interacting Systems 48 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults 49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children 1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. Cells can produce proteins. b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. d. Cells can synthesize fats. ANS: C In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained? a. Mitochondria b. Ribosome c. Nucleolus d. Lysosome ANS: C The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes b. Peroxisomes c. Ribosomes d. Endosome ANS: B Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? a. Ribosome b. Golgi complex c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosomes ANS: D The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone? a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction b. Secretion of cortisol c. Increased retention of water d. Breakdown of fat ANS: C Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized? a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M ANS: B The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? a. Lipids b. Proteases c. Proteins d. Carbohydrates ANS: C Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the “glue” holding cell membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders ANS: B Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane? a. Carbohydrate chains b. Glycoprotein channels c. Membrane channel proteins d. Lipid bilayer ANS: D The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What response by the professor is best? a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response. b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time. c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response. ANS: B During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering