AP World History Unit 5, Verrified. APWH Unit "Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World" "The Early Industrial Revolution" "Nation Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas" "Africa, India, & the New British

AP World History Unit 5, Verrified. APWH Unit "Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World" "The Early Industrial Revolution" "Nation Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas" "Africa, India, & the New British Empire" "Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism" "The New Power Balance" "The New Imperialism" Seven Years War - -England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes The Englightenment - -liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French John Locke - -most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments Jean Jacques Rousseau - -believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority Thomas Hobbes - -not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad Montesquieu - -believed in division of government powers Voltaire - -inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China despots - -Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin - -believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity English colonial problems post-1763 - -conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774 new colonial taxes - -Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea Sons of Liberty - -at front of protests against British Boston Massacre 1770 - -colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers "Common Sense" - -written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists Intolerable Acts - -punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government) Continental Congress - -1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency loyalists - -supported by slaves & Amerindians American allies - -France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons) Battle of Yorktown - -1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis Treaty of Paris 1783 - -officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent Articles of Confederation - -aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing Constitutional Convention 1787 - -formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized Estates General - -First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population National Assembly - -collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest "French disease" - -Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971 Storming of Bastille - -July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution guillotine - -"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution The Terror - -: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution National Convention - -radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church Maximilien Robespierre - -leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed The Directory - -5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done Napoleon Bonaparte - -popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press Gens de Couler - -free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution Saint Dominique - -sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth Toussaint Louverture - -led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France Haitian Revolution - - American Revolution - - French Revolution - - Congress of Vienna - -Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy Greek independence - -from Ottomans in 1830s War of 1812 - -US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning Corn Laws - -50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly Revolutions of 1848 - -all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever) industrializing European nations by 1850 - -England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states 5 innovations that led to industrial economy - -mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph Chartism - -led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected Muhammad Ali - -driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution? - -They were more advanced and had lots of resources. causes of the Industrial Revolution - -1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england Technological Revolution - -mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry) Latin American Revolution - -; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment Laissez-faire - -economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people Positvists - -utopian socialists; Robert Owen Simon Bolivar - -led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied Jose de San Martin - -led Southern Liberation Forces Gran Columbia - -formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states Mexican Independence - -; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821 Brasilian Independence - -King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889 power turnovers in Latin America - -had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon Personalist leader - -aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship US Civil War - -; example of regionalism in the US European intervention in Latin America - -mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico US abolishes slavery - -1865- 13th Amendment Brazil abolishes slavery - -1888 Cuba abolishes slavery - -1886 Puerto Rico abolishes slavery - -1873