S M Rukunujjaman
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Chapter 1
2. Distinguish between behaviour and products of behaviour. Give an original example of a
behaviour and a product of behaviour not in this chapter.
- Behaviour is anything a person says or does, but more technically is as follows; behaviour is
any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism. A great example would be
running. A product of behaviour is a result seen that is caused by the behaviour. An example
is the product of the behaviour running to arrive at a park.
3. Distinguish between overt and covert behaviours. Give 2 examples of each that are not in
this chapter.
- Overt behaviours can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one
performing the behaviour. Two examples would be swimming a lap of a pool, or yelling at
someone across the street. In contrast, covert behaviours are also known as cognitive
behaviours and include activities that occur "within one's skin" and require special
instruments or procedures for others to observe it. Two examples would be remembering
something scary that happened to you that makes you feel scared, and smiling while talking
to the people.
5. Describe two dimensions of behaviour. Give an original example of each.
- One dimension of behaviour is duration which is the length of time the behaviour lasts. An
example would be that someone walked down a road for 2 hours. Another dimension of
behaviour is the rate which is the number of instances of the behaviour in a given period of
time. An example is a person is throwing 10 basket ball to the bar for 10 minutes.
7. What are 2 positive reasons that summary terms for behaviour pa7erns are used frequently
in psychology and in everyday life?
- One reason is they may be useful for quickly providing general information about how an
individual might perform. Another reason is that the labels may imply that a particular
treatment program will be helpful.
8. What are 2 disadvantages of using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions?
Give an example of each.
- One disadvantage is that it may lead to pseudo explanations of behaviour (false
explanations). An example would be a child who inverted the word while reading from "was"
to "saw", might be labelled as having dyslexia. Another disadvantage is that the labels can
negatively affect the way an individual may be treated, such as by focusing on an
individual's problems rather than strengths. An example of that would be if a teenager
doesn't make their bed every morning but reliably cuts the grass and takes out the trash.
The parents may describe their child as "lazy" but that label causes them to focus more on
the problem behaviour rather than to praise the positive behaviours.
, 13. What are stimuli? Describe 2 examples not in this chapter.
- Stimuli are the people, objects, and events currently present in one's immediate
surroundings that impinge on one's sense receptors and that can affect behaviour. An
example would include if someone were to spit on you, that would most likely be a stimulus
to make you mad. Another stimuli would be a person becomes very alert when the cross the
road to avoid any accidents.
15. What is meant by the term "target behaviour"? Give an example of a target behaviour of
yours that you would like to improve. Is your target behaviour one that you want to increase
(i.e. a deficit) or one that you want to decrease (i.e. an excess)?
- Behaviours to be improved in a behaviour modification program are called target behaviours.
A target behaviour I want to improve on is playing soccer more in the summer time. For me,
this would require a behavioural excess to decrease, such as rather than watching tv, to
make more time to play soccer.
Application Exercise for Chapter 1 : Self modification exercise
From your point of view identify :
1. 2 behavioural deficits to overcome.
2. 2 behavioural excesses to decrease.
And for each example indicate whether you have described:
I) A specific behaviour or a general summary label.
II) An observable or convert behaviour.
III) A behaviour or product of the behaviour.
Behaviour deficits:
1. I need to go to gym more often to workout.
A) General summary label of "working out”.
B) An observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be stronger.
2. I need to use more positive talks .
A) General summary label, the specific behaviour would be specific sentences to tell myself
such as “I am eligible to do this task”.
B) A covert behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be more internal love for myself.
Behavioural excesses:
1. I need to work on when I should stop talking.
A) A specific behaviour.
B) Observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be less awkward situations.
2. spend less me on watching movies.
A) A specific behaviour.
B) Observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be more time to do other things I enjoy.
7839361
Chapter 1
2. Distinguish between behaviour and products of behaviour. Give an original example of a
behaviour and a product of behaviour not in this chapter.
- Behaviour is anything a person says or does, but more technically is as follows; behaviour is
any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism. A great example would be
running. A product of behaviour is a result seen that is caused by the behaviour. An example
is the product of the behaviour running to arrive at a park.
3. Distinguish between overt and covert behaviours. Give 2 examples of each that are not in
this chapter.
- Overt behaviours can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one
performing the behaviour. Two examples would be swimming a lap of a pool, or yelling at
someone across the street. In contrast, covert behaviours are also known as cognitive
behaviours and include activities that occur "within one's skin" and require special
instruments or procedures for others to observe it. Two examples would be remembering
something scary that happened to you that makes you feel scared, and smiling while talking
to the people.
5. Describe two dimensions of behaviour. Give an original example of each.
- One dimension of behaviour is duration which is the length of time the behaviour lasts. An
example would be that someone walked down a road for 2 hours. Another dimension of
behaviour is the rate which is the number of instances of the behaviour in a given period of
time. An example is a person is throwing 10 basket ball to the bar for 10 minutes.
7. What are 2 positive reasons that summary terms for behaviour pa7erns are used frequently
in psychology and in everyday life?
- One reason is they may be useful for quickly providing general information about how an
individual might perform. Another reason is that the labels may imply that a particular
treatment program will be helpful.
8. What are 2 disadvantages of using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions?
Give an example of each.
- One disadvantage is that it may lead to pseudo explanations of behaviour (false
explanations). An example would be a child who inverted the word while reading from "was"
to "saw", might be labelled as having dyslexia. Another disadvantage is that the labels can
negatively affect the way an individual may be treated, such as by focusing on an
individual's problems rather than strengths. An example of that would be if a teenager
doesn't make their bed every morning but reliably cuts the grass and takes out the trash.
The parents may describe their child as "lazy" but that label causes them to focus more on
the problem behaviour rather than to praise the positive behaviours.
, 13. What are stimuli? Describe 2 examples not in this chapter.
- Stimuli are the people, objects, and events currently present in one's immediate
surroundings that impinge on one's sense receptors and that can affect behaviour. An
example would include if someone were to spit on you, that would most likely be a stimulus
to make you mad. Another stimuli would be a person becomes very alert when the cross the
road to avoid any accidents.
15. What is meant by the term "target behaviour"? Give an example of a target behaviour of
yours that you would like to improve. Is your target behaviour one that you want to increase
(i.e. a deficit) or one that you want to decrease (i.e. an excess)?
- Behaviours to be improved in a behaviour modification program are called target behaviours.
A target behaviour I want to improve on is playing soccer more in the summer time. For me,
this would require a behavioural excess to decrease, such as rather than watching tv, to
make more time to play soccer.
Application Exercise for Chapter 1 : Self modification exercise
From your point of view identify :
1. 2 behavioural deficits to overcome.
2. 2 behavioural excesses to decrease.
And for each example indicate whether you have described:
I) A specific behaviour or a general summary label.
II) An observable or convert behaviour.
III) A behaviour or product of the behaviour.
Behaviour deficits:
1. I need to go to gym more often to workout.
A) General summary label of "working out”.
B) An observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be stronger.
2. I need to use more positive talks .
A) General summary label, the specific behaviour would be specific sentences to tell myself
such as “I am eligible to do this task”.
B) A covert behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be more internal love for myself.
Behavioural excesses:
1. I need to work on when I should stop talking.
A) A specific behaviour.
B) Observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be less awkward situations.
2. spend less me on watching movies.
A) A specific behaviour.
B) Observable behaviour.
C) The behaviour itself, the product would be more time to do other things I enjoy.
