NR 283 FINAL EXAM GUIDE .

NR I283 IFINAL IEXAM IGUIDE I NR I283 IFinal IExam IGuide I CHAPTER I2: IFLUID, IELECTROLYTE IAND IACID-BASE IBALANCE I(5 Iquestions) 1. EDEMA Increased Icapillary Ipermeability 2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA -Cardiac Idysrhythmias 3. PARATHYROID IHORMONE I(4 IScenarios) -produced Iin Iparathyroid Igland Iwhich Iare Ifour Ipea-sized Iglands Ithat Ilie Ibehind Ithe Ithyroid Igland -Calcium Ibalance Iand Iphosphorus Ilevel Iis Icontrolled Iby Iparathyroid Ihormone -Hypoparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypocalcemia -Hyperparathyroidism Ican Ilead Ito Ihypercalcemia Iand Ibone Idemineralization Ithat Imay Icause Ispontaneousfractures. I 4. ACIDOSIS I(He Isaid Igeneral/systemic Ieffect Iof Iacidosis) -Excess Ihydrogen Iions -Decrease Iin Iserum IpH -Addition Iof Ibicarbonate Ito Ithe Iblood Ito Ireverse Iacidosis I(lactate Isolution) ****Effects Iof IAcidosis Direct Ieffect Iof Iacidosis Iare Imanifested Iby Ithe INervous ISytem: -Impaired Inervous Isystem Ifunction -Headache -Lethargy -Weakness -Confusion -Coma Iand Ideath -Compensation -Deep Irapid Ibreathing I(Kussmaul’s Irespirations) -Secretion Iof Iurine Iwith Ia Ilow IpH 5. RESPIRATORY IDEPRESSION I(related Ito Ianesthesia/drugs Ion Ihow Icompensation Ihappens) -Compensation Ihappens Ifor Ianesthesia, Iincrease Iin Isecretion Iof IH+ Iions Iinto Ifiltrate CHAPTER I5: IINFLAMMATION IAND IHEALING I(5 Iquestions) 1. TEARS -nonspecific/First Iline Iof Idefense/mechanical Ibarrier 2. CONTROLLING IELEVATED ITEMPERATURE -body Iresponse Ithru Ivasodilation, Isweating, Ilethargy Iand Ibody Iextend 3. ICE IAND IEDEMA -Ice/cold Icause Ivasoconstriction, Idecreasing Ipain Iand Iedema 4. ASPIRIN -aspirin Iin Ipediatrics Irisk Ifor IReye’s ISyndrome, Icomplication Iinvolves Ibrain Iand Iliver Idamage Iand Ican Ibefatal I . 5. NEUTROPHILS -nonspecific, Iphagocytize Ibacteria -neutrophils I(a Ileukocytes) Iand Imacrophage Irandomly Iengulf Iand Idestroy Ibacteria, Icell Idebris Iand Iforeignmatter I CHAPTER I12: ICARDIOVASCULAR ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions) 1. ANGINA ***NITROGLYCERIN I -Occurs Iwhen Ithere Iis Ia Ideficit Iof Ioxygen Ito Imeet Imyocardial Ineeds 2. MYOCARDIAL IINFARCTION I(MI) -death Iof Icardiac Imuscle Iresulting Ifrom Iprolonged Iischemia ***How Iis IMI IDiagnosed? -Diagnosis Iis Iconfirmed Ithrough Ielectrocardiogram I(ECG) Ichanges Iand Iserum Ienzyme Iand Iisoenzymelevels. I I -Serum Ilevels Iof Imyosin Iand Icardiac Itroponin Iare Ielevated; -serum Ielectrolyte Ilevels Imay Ibe Iabnormal; -leukocytosis Iand Ian Ielevated IC-reactive Iprotein I(CRP) Iand Ierythrocyte Isedimentation Irate I(ESR) Iarecommon; I -arterial Iblood Igas Iis Ialtered. - IPulmonary Iartery Ipressure Imeasurements Ishould Ibe Iconducted Ito Idetermine Iventricular Ifunction. 3. CONGESTIVE IHEART IFAILURE I(CHF) -Heart Iis Iunable Ito Ipump Iout Isufficient Iblood Ito Imeet Imetabolic Idemands Iof Ithe Ibody. 4. BETA-ADRENERGICS I(slows Iheart Irate) -Prevent Iincreased Iheart Irate Iin Iresponse Ito ISympathetic INervous ISystem Iand ICholamines -example: IMetoprolol I(Lopressor), IAtenolol, IPropranolol, INadolol 5. ENDOCARDITIS I(Infective IEndocarditis) *Subacute Iis Icaused Iby IStreptococcus Iviridans ----(Low Ivirulent) *Acute Iis Icaused Iby IStaphylococcus Iaureus --- (High Ivirulent) 6. PERICARDITIS -leads Ito Ia Ilarge Ivolume Iof Ifluid Iaccumulating Iin Ithe Ipericardial Icavity, Ifilling Iof Ithe Iheart Iis Irestricted Iand Icardiac Ioutput Iis Ireduced Iby Ipreventing Iventricle Iin Ifilling. 7. SEPTAL IDEFECT -Shunt Ifrom Ileft I→ Iright Ibecause Ipressure Iis Ihigher Iin Ileft Iventricle 8. SEPTIC ISHOCK I(Endotoxic) -endotoxin Ifrom Igram Inegative Ibacteria Ican Ilead Ito Ivasodilation Ileading Ito Ilife Ithreatening Ihypotension CHAPTER I13: IRESPIRATORY ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions) 1. ARTERIAL IBLOOD IGAS ILEVELS??????????? --Know Ithe Ivalues/ranges I???????? --know Iif Idecompensated Ior Icompensated?????? --know Iif Iacidosis Ior Ialkalosis?????? 2. PNEUMONIA *****Lobar IPneumonia -Streptococcus Ipneumonia Iis Icausative Iagent -Productive Icough Iwith Irusty Isputum ***Bronchopneumonia -Several Ispecies Iof Imicroorganisms Imay Ibe Ithe Icause. -Productive Icough Iwith Ipurulent Isputum—usually Iyellow Ior Igreen 3. TUBERCULOSIS I(question Iis Iabout Iwhich Ione Iis INOT Iapplicable Ito ITB—infection Iis Ilimited Ito Ilungs) -Mycobacterium Ituberculosis Itransmitted Iby Ioral Idroplets Ifrom Ipersons Iwith Iactive Iinfection -Occurs Imore Ifrequently Iwith: -People Iliving Iin Icrowded Iconditions -Immunodeficiency -Malnutrition -Alcoholism -Conditions Iof Iwar -Chronic Idisease -HIV Iinfection -Usual Icaused Iby IM. Ituberculosis -Somewhat Iresistant Ito Idrying Iand Imany Idisinfectants -Can Isurvive Iin Idried Isputum Ifor Iweeks -Destroyed Iby Iultraviolet Ilight, Iheat, Ialcohol, Iglutaraldehyde, Iformaldehyde -Normal Ineutrophil Iresponse Idoes Inot Ioccur -Cell-mediated Iimmunity Inormally Iprotection -Primarily Iaffects Ilungs; Iother Iorgans Imay Ialso Ibe Iinvaded ****PRIMARY IINFECTION -When Iorganism Ifirst Ienters Ithe Ilungs -Engulfed Iby Imacrophages—local Iinflammation -If Icell-mediated Iimmunity Iis Iinadequate: -Mycobacteria Ireproduce Iand Ibegin Ito Idestroy Ilung Itissue. -This Iform Iof Idisease Iis Icontagious -If Icell-mediated Iimmunity Iis Iadequate: -Some Ibacilli Imigrate Ito Ilymph Inodes—granuloma—formation Iof Itubercle I(contains Ilive Ibacilli)— walled I Ioff Iand Icalcifying -Tubercle Imay Ibe Ivisible Ion Ichest Iradiograph. -Bacilli Imay Iremain Iviable Iin Ia Idormant Istage Ifor Iyears. -Individual’s Iresistance Iand Iimmune Iresponses Ihigh, Ibacilli Iremain Iwalled Ioff -Primary Ior Ilatent Iinfection—individual Ihas Ibeen Iexposed Iand Iinfected, Ibut Idoes Inot Ihave Idiseaseand I Iis Iasymptomatic -Individual Icannot Itransmit Idisease ***SECONDARY IOR IREINFECTION IOF ITB -Occurs Iwhen Iclient’s Icell-mediated Iimmunity Iis Iimpaired Ibecause Iof: -Stress -Malnutrition -HIV Iinfection -Age -Mycobacteria Ibegin Ito Ireproduce Iand Iinfect Ilung. -Active ITB, Iwhich Ican Ibe Ispread Ito Iothers! ***MILIARY IOR IEXTRA IPULMONARY ITB -Rapidly Iprogressive Iform Imore Icommon Iin Ichildren I I5 Iyears -Early Idissemination Ito Iother Itissues -If Ilesions Iare Inot Ifound Iin Ithe Ilungs, Ithis Iis Inot Icontagious. -Common Isymptoms Iinclude Iweight Iloss, Ifailure Ito Ithrive, Iand Iother Iinfections Isuch Iasmeasles. I ***ACTIVE ITB I(PRIMARY IOR ISECONDARY) -Organisms Imultiply, Iforming Ilarge Iareas Iof Inecrosis. -Cause Ilarge Iopen Iareas Iin Ilung—cavitation -Cavitation Ipromotes Ispread Iinto Iother Iparts Iof Ilung. -Infection Imay Ispread Iinto Ipleural Icavity. -Cough, Ipositive Isputum, Iradiograph Ishowing Icavitation -Disease Iin Ithis Iform Iis Ihighly Iinfectious Iwhen Ithere Iis Iclose Ipersonal Icontact Iover Ia Iperiod Iof Itime. ***Diagnostic Itests -First Iexposure Ior Iprimary Iinfection -Indicated Iby Ipositive Ituberculin I(skin) Itest Iresults -Active Iinfections -Acid-fast Isputum Itest -Chest Iradiograph -Sputum Iculture Iand Isensitivity Treatment: Long-term Itreatment Iwith Ia Icombination Iof IdrugsLengthI Iof Itreatment Ivaries Ifrom I6 Ito I12 Imonths. -Effective Itreatment Irequires Imonitoring Iand Ifollow-up Iand Iis Iexpensive. -TB Iis Ibecoming Ian Iincreasingly Iserious Iproblem Ibecause Iof: -Homelessness Iand Icrowding Iin Ishelters -HIV Iinfection -Lack Iof Ihealth Icare -Multidrug Iresistant ITB 4. RESTRICTIVE ILUNG IDISORDERS -Group Iof Idisorders Iwith Iimpaired Ilung Iexpansion Iand Ireduced Itotal Ilung Icapacity 5. PULMONARY IEDEMA I(Select Iwhich Ione Iis INOT Ithe Icause Iof IPulmonary IEdema) ***SO, IKNOW ITHE ICAUSES: -inflammation Iin Ithe Ilungs, Iincreasing Icapillary Ipermeability -plasma Iprotein Ilevels Iare Ilow, Idecreasing Iplasma Iosmotic Ipressure -pulmonary Ihypertension, Iincreasing Ihydrostatic Ipressure. 6. ADULT IRESPIRATORY IDISTRESS ISYNDROME I(PICK I2 IOUT IOF I4 ICAUSES) ------So, IKNOW ITHE I4 ICAUSES….. -Causes Ithe Irelease Iof Ichemical Imediators: 1. Increases Ipermeability Iof Ialveolar Icapillary Imembranes 2. Increased Ifluid Iand Iprotein Iin Iinterstitial Iarea Iand Ialveoli 3. Damage Ito Isurfactant-producing Icells 4. Diffuse Inecrosis Iand Ifibrosis Iif Ipatient Isurvives 7. SARS ****SARS Iis Ian Iacute Irespiratory Iinfection Icaused Iby Ia Ipreviously Iunknown Ivirus. ***Cause: ISARS-CoV I(Severe IAcute IRespiratory ISyndrome-associated Icoronavirus) Iis Ithe Imicrobialagent I Iresponsible Ifor ISARS. IIt Iis Itransmitted Iby Irespiratory Idroplets Iduring Iclose Icontact. 8. PRIMARY IATYPICAL IPNEUMONIA I(PAP) Iaka InterstitialI IPneumonia -Mycoplasma Ipneumoniae Iis Icausative Iagent I(influenza Ivirus) -Viral Iform Icaused Iby Iinfluenza IA Ior IB, Iadenoviruses, IRSV --Common Iin Iolder Ichildren Iand Iyoung Iadults -Transmitted Iby Iaerosol -Nonproductive Ihacking Icough -hoarseness, Isore Ithroat, Iheadache, Imild Ifever, Imalaise -Infection variesI Igreatly Iin Iseverity. -Infection Iis Iusually Iself-limiting CHAPTER I14: INERVOUS ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(5 Iquestions) • Intracranial Ipressure I(question Iis Irelated Ito Ipupil Ireaction) -Pressure Iin Ithe Icranial Inerve IIII • Collateral Icirculation I(when Idoes Iit Ioccurs) -occurs whenI ICVA Iresults Ifrom IATHEROSCLEROSIS. • Tetanus I(All IEXCEPT Iquestion. IKNOW ITHEM IALL) - Caused Iby IClostridium Itetani - Spores Ican Isurvive Iin Isoil I(years). - Wound - Exotoxin Ienters Inervous Isystem o Tonic Imuscle Ispasms o Jaw Istiffness o Difficulty Iswallowing o Stiff Ineck o Headache Iand Iskeletal Imuscle Ispasm o Respiratory Ifailure • CVA I(Cerebrovascular IStroke) - Predisposing Ifactors: -Diabetes -Hypertension -Systemic Ilupus Ierythematosus -Elevated Icholesterol Ilevels I(hyperlipidemia) -Atherosclerosis - IHistory Iof ITIAs -Increasing Iage -Obstructive Isleep Iapnea -Heart Idisease -Smoking • Epilepsy I(All IEXCEPT Iquestion) -old Iword Ifor Irecurrent Iseizures/ Iconvulsion -uncontrolled Iexcessive Ifiring/discharge Iof Ineurons Iin Ithe Ibrain -sudden Idepolarization Iof Inephrons Icause Iabnormal Imotor Ior Isensory Iactivity Iand Ipossibly Iloss IofconsciousnessI -Status Iepilepticus- Irecurrent Ior Icontinuous Iseizures Iw/o Irecovery Iof Iconsciousness CHAPTER I16: IENDOCRINE ISYSTEMS IDISORDERS I(10 Iquestions) I • Hypoparathyroidism - Leads Ito Ihypocalcemia o Weak Icardiac Imuscle Icontractions o Increased Iexcitability Iof Inerves—spontaneous Icontractions Iof Iskeletal Imuscle • Endocrine Idisorder Icauses - Excess Ihormone Ilevel Iof Ideficit/decrease Ihormone Ilevel • Hyperparathyroidism -Bone Idemineralization I(Hypercalcemia) • Diabetes I(cellular Ilevel Iin Ikidney) *******-decrease Iin Itransport Iin Ikidney Iresulting Iin Iglucosuria - Diabetes Imellitus—basic Iproblem Iis Iinadequate Iinsulin Ieffects Iin Ireceptor Itissues o Deficit Iof Iinsulin Isecretion o Production Iof Iinsulin Iantagonists - Diabetes Iresults Iin Iabnormal Icarbohydrate, Iprotein, Iand Ifat Imetabolism. - Some Itissues Ican Itransport Iglucose Iin Ithe Iabsence Iof Iinsulin: o CNS, Ikidney, Imyocardium, Igut, Iskeletal Imuscle ▪ Skeletal Imuscle Ican Ipartially Imeet Itissue Ineeds Iwithout Iinsulin. - Type I1 I(mostly Iin Ichildren) o Autoimmune Idestruction Iof Ibeta Icells Iin Ipancreas I(Insulin) o Insulin Ireplacement Irequired o Acute Ionset Iin Ichildren Iand Iadolescents o Not Ilinked Ito Iobesity o Genetic Ifactors Imay Iplay Ia Irole. o Metabolic Ichanges ▪ Catabolism Iof Ifats Iand Iproteins • Excessive Iamounts Iof Ifatty Iacids Iand Imetabolites • Ketones Iin Ithe Iblood ▪ Ketonuria • Decreased Iserum Ibicarbonate • Decrease Iin IpH Iof Ibody Ifluids • Ketoacids Iexcreted Iin Iurine ▪ Decompensated Imetabolic Iacidosis - Type I2 I(Occurs Iin Iadults) o Non–insulin-dependent o Oral Ihypoglycemic Imedications Imay Ibe Iused. o Caused Iby Idecreased Iproduction Iof Iinsulin Iand/or Iincreased Iresistance Iby Ibody Icells Ito Iinsulin o Onset Iis Islow Iand Iinsidious, Iusually Iin Ithose Iolder Ithan I50 Iyears o Associated Iwith Iobesity o Component Iof Imetabolic Isyndrome o Increasing Iincidence Iin Iteens Iand Iyoung Iadults o Control Iof IType I2 ▪ Diet Ishould Icontain: • Increased Ifiber • Reduced Ilipids Iand Isimple Icarbohydrates ▪ Regular Iexercise Ito Ireduce Iglucose Ilevels ▪ Reduce Iinsulin Iresistance Iby Ireducing IBMI Ito Inormal Irange ▪ Monitoring Iblood Iglucose Ilevels Ias Iordered ▪ Medication Ito Istimulate Ithe Ibeta Icells Iof Ithe Ipancreas Ito Iproduce Imore Iinsulin ▪ If Iinsulin-dependent—proper Iadministration Iof Iinsulin Ito Imaintain Iglucose Ilevels Iinnormal I Irange ▪ Routine Ifollow-up Iand Iblood Itesting - General IManifestations o Insulin Ideficit Iresults Iin Idecreased Itransport Iand Iuse Iof Iglucose Iin Imany Icells. ▪ Polyphagia ▪ Fatigue o Blood Iglucose Ilevels Irise—hyperglycemia o Excess Iglucose Iin Iurine—glucosuria Dehydration Iresults Ifrom Ihyperosmolar Ifiltrate. Polyuria ▪ Polydipsia - Acute Icomplications o Hypoglycemia I(insulin Ishock) ▪ More Icommon Iwith Iinsulin Ireplacement Itreatment ▪ Can Ioccur Ibecause Iof Iexcess Ioral Ihypoglycemic Idrugs ▪ Excess Iinsulin Iin Icirculation • Glucose Ideficit Iin Iblood • Can Ibe Ilife-threatening Ior Icause Ibrain Idamage Iif Iuntreated • Often Ifollows Istrenuous Iexercise • Dosage Ierror • Vomiting • Skipping Imeal Iafter Itaking Iinsulin Manifestation: -Disorientation Iand Ichange Iin Ibehavior -May Iappear Iimpaired -Anxiety Ior Idecreased Iresponsiveness -Decreased Iblood Iglucose Ilevel -Decreased IBP, Iincreased Iheart Irate -Decreasing Ilevel Iof Iconsciousness *****Note: IImmediate Iadministration Iof Iglucose Iis Irequired Ito Iprevent Ibrain Idamage o Hyperglycemic IHyperosmolar INonketotic IComa I(HHNC) I–Greater Ithan I1000 - IOccurs Iin Itype I2 Idiabetes -Insidious Iin Ionset Iand Idiagnosis Imay Ibe Imissed -Often Ioccurs Iin Iolder Iclients Iand Iassumed Ito Ibe Icognitive Iimpairment -Results Iin Isevere Idehydration Iand Ielectrolyte Iimbalances Manifestation: -Hyperglycemia -Severe Idehydration -Increased Ihematocrit -Loss Iof Iturgor -Increased Iheart Irate Iand Irespirations -Electrolyte Iimbalances Iresult Iin: -Neurologic Ideficits -Muscle Iweakness -Difficulties Iwith Ispeech -Abnormal Ireflexes o Diabetic Iketoacidosis I(occurs Imost Iin IType I1) ▪ Occurs Iin Iinsulin-dependent Iclients ▪ More Icommonly Iseen Iin Itype I1 Idiabetes ▪ Result Iof Iinsufficient Iinsulin Iin Iblood ▪ High Iblood Iglucose Ilevels ▪ Mobilization Iand Iuse Iof Ilipids Ito Imeet Icellular Ineeds Iresult Iin Iproduction Iof Iketoacids ▪ May Ibe Iinitiated Iby Iinfection Ior Istress May Iresult Ifrom Ierror Iin Idosage, Iinfection, Ichange Iin Idiet, Ialcohol Iintake, Ior Iexercise Signs Iand ISymptoms Iof IDiabetic Iketoacidosis • Dehydration o Thirst, Idry, Irough Ioral Imucosa o Warm, Idry Iskin • Rapid, Ideep Irespiration—acetone Ibreath o Lethargy, Idecreased Iresponsiveness • Metabolic Iacidosis o May Ilead Ito Iloss Iof Iconsciousness • Electrolyte Iimbalances o Abdominal Icramps, Inausea, Ivomiting, Ilethargy, Iweakness - Chronic IComplications Iof IDiabetes o Macroangiopathy—affects Ilarge Iarteries ▪ Result Iof Iabnormal Ilipid Ilevels • High Iincidence Iof Iheart Iattacks, Istrokes, Iperipheral Ivascular Idisease • May Iresult Iin Iulcers Ion Ifeet Iand Ilegs—slow-healing • Frequent Iinfections Iand Igangrenous Iulcers • Amputation Imay Ibe Inecessary. o Peripheral Ineuropathy ▪ Common Icomplication Icaused Iby Iischemia Iin Imicrocirculation Ito Iperipheral Inerves • Impaired Isensation, Inumbness, Itingling, Iweakness, Imuscle Iwasting o Infections ▪ Common Iand Ioften Imore Isevere Iin Idiabetics ▪ Infections Iin Ifeet Iand Ilegs Icaused Iby Ivascular Iand Ineurological Iimpairment ▪ Fungal Iinfections Icommon • Caused Iby ICandida • In Ivagina Iand/or Ioral Icavity ▪ Urinary Itract Iinfections ▪ Dental Icaries ▪ Gingivitis Iand Iperiodontitis o Cataracts ▪ Opacity Iof Ilens Iin Ieye ▪ Related Ito Iabnormal Imetabolism Iof Iglucose o Pregnancy ▪ Complications Iin Iboth Imother Iand Ifetus Imay Ioccur. ▪ Increased Iincidence Iof Ispontaneous Iabortions ▪ Infants Iborn Ito Idiabetic Imothers: • Increased Isize Iand Iweight Ifor Idate • May Iexperience Ihypoglycemia Iin Ifirst Ihours Ipostnatally • Cushing’s ISyndrome I(Increase Iin Icortisol Isecretion) I(2 Ior I3 Iquestions) ****All Icharacteristics IEXCEPT IExopthalmos I(staring Ieyes Iw/infrequent Iblinking) ****Condition Icauses Iimmunosuppression ****Which Iconditions Iprecipitate/exacerbate Iby Ihyperglycemia --- Cushing’s - Changes Iassociated Iwith ICushing’s Isyndrome o Change Iin Iperson’s Iappearance ▪ Round Iface, Iwith Iruddy Icolor ▪ Truncal Iobesity, Iwith Ifat Ipad Ibetween Iscapulae Thin Ilimbs Thin Ihair ▪ Fragile Iskin, Istriae - Retention Iof Isodium Iand Iwater - Suppression Iof Ithe Iimmune Iresponse - Stimulation Iof Ierythrocyte Iproduction - Emotional Ilability Iand Ieuphoria - Increased Icatabolism Iof Ibone Iand Iprotein - Delayed Ihealing - Increased Iinsulin Iresistance Iand Ipossible Iglucose Iintolerance • Antidiuretic Ihormone IADH I(Multiple Iquestions. IKNOW ITHEM IALL) - ISecreted Iby Ithe Iposterior Ipituitary -Reabsorption Iof Iwater Iin Idistal Iconvoluted Itubules Iand Icollecting Iducts - Deficit Iin IADH Iresults Ito IDIABETES IINSIPIDUS!!!!!!! o Adenoma o May Ioriginate Iin Ithe Ineurohypophysis ▪ Head Iinjury Ior Isurgery ▪ Possible Igenetic Iproblem ▪ Replacement Itreatment Irequired - Inappropriate IADH Isyndrome o Excess IADH ▪ May Ibe Itemporary, Itriggered Iby Istress; Imay Ibe Isecreted Iby Ian Iectopic Isource, Isuch Ias Iatumor I o Treatment ▪ Diuretics ▪ Sodium Isupplements CHAPTER I17: IDIGESTIVE ISYSTEM IDISORDERS I(3 Iquestions) Liver I(hepatic Iportal Icirculation) -The Iarterial Iand Ivenous Iblood Imix I(oxygenated Iand Ideoxygenated Iblood Imix) Iand Iflow Ithrough Isinusioid. Oral ICandidiasis I(Thrush) -Candida Ialbicans—causative Iagent -Often Ipart Iof Ithe Iresident Iflora -Opportunistic Iinfection -Prolonged Iused Iof Iantibiotic I(broad Ispectrum) -During Iand Iafter Icancer Itherapy -Immunocompromised Iindividuals Ior Ithose Iwith Idiabetes Ulcerative IColitis I(Iron Ideficiency Ianemia Irelated) -cannot Ireabsorb Ithe Iiron Iback Ito Ithe Ibody -ulceration Icauses Ibleeding, Ifrom Iblood, Ibreaking Idown Iof Ihemoglobin Ioccurs, Ithe Iby Iproduct Iisbilirubin I Iand Iiron. CHAPTER I18: IURINARY ISYSTEM IDISORDER I(2 Iquestions) RENAL IFAILURE I(study Itable Imix Iand Imatch Itype Iquestion) - Acute IRenal IFailure I(reversible) -Acute Ibilateral Ikidney Iinfection Ior Iinflammation -Sudden Ionset - Chronic IRenal IFailure I(irreversible) -Nephrosclerosis -Polycystic Idisease -slow, Iinsidious • Specific Igravity -Indicates Iability Iof Itubules Ito Iconcentrate Iurine ****Renal Ifailure Idue Ito Itubule Idamage -Low Ispecific Igravity—dilute Iurine --- related Iacute Irenal Ifailure -High Ispecific Igravity—concentrated Iurine ---- related Ito Ichronic Ifailure