Samenvatting Organisaties
Blob 2b, voorbereiding op tentamen (14 juni 2021)
,Inhoudsopgave
Boek 3
Chapter 1 3
Chapter 2 6
Chapter 3 11
Hoofdstuk 4 13
Chapter 5 20
hoofdstuk 7 26
Hoofdstuk 8 28
hoofdstuk 9 35
Hoofdstuk 10 40
Artikelen 43
[INSERT TOLBERT &HALL] 43
Heckscher 1994 44
Schein & Schein 49
Barker 1993 50
Ouchi 1980; Powell 1990 53
Dimaggio & Powell 55
Oliver 1991 57
Hoorcolleges 58
Oefenopdrachten 78
Oefententamen 78
Seminar 1 80
Seminar 2 80
Seminar 3 80
Seminar 4 80
2
,Boek
Alternatieve sam (NL): summary-orginzation-theory-tension-and-change-jaffee.pdf
Chapter 1
Book does not give a single sentence definition, because:
- It is hard to define real-world phenomena.
- It is hard to include every facet of organizations.
- There are a lot of definitions already.
These are 3 different definitions of organization and management theory:
Scott’s elements of organization:
- 5 different elements:
o Social structure: activities/relations/interactions that take on a regular pattern.
▪ Formal social structure: introduced by the organization with a particular
goal.
▪ Informal social structure: emerge naturally by participants
o Participants: the people in an organization. They are a persistent cause of problems.
o Goals: what the organization wants to achieve. Keep in mind that these really are the
goals of some participants within the organization, which sometimes conflict.
o Technology: the means used to transform raw material (physical, informational,
human) into some final product (e.g., machines, computers, software).
o Environment: everything outside the bounds of the organization that have
influenced it or are shaped by it.
- Scott’s elements can be used to conduct a basic analysis of any organization.
- Scott categorized organization theories in 3 major perspectives:
o Rational system perspective: organizations are collectives in pursuit of goals, and
they exhibit relatively formal social structures. This is the most common perspective.
o Natural system perspective: organizations are collectives whose participants have a
common interest in the system and who thus informally organize to this end. This is a
more sociological perspective.
o Open systems perspective: organizations are coalitions of shifting interest groups
that develop goals by negotiations, and they are influenced by environmental
factors.
o This is a metatheoretical framework: a grand theory of how people theorize about
organizations.
Hall’s definition of organization:
- Hall gives a one sentence definition: An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifiable
boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of authority (hierarchy), Communications system, and membership
coordinating systems (procedures); this collectivity exists, on a relatively continuous basis in an environment, and
3
, engages in activities that are usually related to a set of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational
members, the organization itself, and for society.
- 6 characteristics of this definition:
o Collectivity: group of humans who have something in common. There is a tension
between their different interests, the other characteristics try to solve this.
o Boundaries: who is a member.
o Normative order: (cultural) rules for behaviour.
o Authority (hierarchy)-, communication-, and coordination systems.
o Social structure with goals
o Organizations influence participant, their own organization, or society.
- Hall identifies 3 aspects of organizational reality:
o Structures: social structures
o Processes: activities towards goals
o Outcomes: consequences of these activities
Morgan’s Images of Organization:
- How we understand/conceptualize organizations depends on our mental image of them.
- Organizational theories can be associated with metaphors:
▪ Machine metaphor: views organizations as a tool.
▪ Organism metaphor: views organizations as living things that need resources
to stay alive.
▪ Brain metaphor: views organizations as decision-making, data-processing, or
learning entities.
▪ Cultural system metaphor: views organizations as collectivities of humans
with shared beliefs/values.
▪ Political system metaphor: views organizations as groups with conflicts over
different values/interests/priorities. Focus on competition and power.
▪ Psychic prison metaphor: views organizations as prisons that limit our
freedom of thought, and constrain not just our bodies, but our souls. This
metaphor is often used to criticize organizations.
▪ Instruments of domination metaphor: views organizations as tools that
advance the interests of one group at the expense of another. This metaphor
is often used to criticize organizations.
▪ Flux and transformation metaphor: views organizations as a constant state
of flux (change). This is the one used in the book (hopefully later explained).
De rest van hoofdstuk 1 is (vooral) informatie uit KST!
Our understanding of organizations can be enhanced by insights of classical sociological theory from
the time that society transitioned from feudalism to capitalism:
Marx (1818-1883):
- Feudalism -> capitalism; source of power: land -> capital
- Capitalist class (capital): group that owns the means of production.
4
Blob 2b, voorbereiding op tentamen (14 juni 2021)
,Inhoudsopgave
Boek 3
Chapter 1 3
Chapter 2 6
Chapter 3 11
Hoofdstuk 4 13
Chapter 5 20
hoofdstuk 7 26
Hoofdstuk 8 28
hoofdstuk 9 35
Hoofdstuk 10 40
Artikelen 43
[INSERT TOLBERT &HALL] 43
Heckscher 1994 44
Schein & Schein 49
Barker 1993 50
Ouchi 1980; Powell 1990 53
Dimaggio & Powell 55
Oliver 1991 57
Hoorcolleges 58
Oefenopdrachten 78
Oefententamen 78
Seminar 1 80
Seminar 2 80
Seminar 3 80
Seminar 4 80
2
,Boek
Alternatieve sam (NL): summary-orginzation-theory-tension-and-change-jaffee.pdf
Chapter 1
Book does not give a single sentence definition, because:
- It is hard to define real-world phenomena.
- It is hard to include every facet of organizations.
- There are a lot of definitions already.
These are 3 different definitions of organization and management theory:
Scott’s elements of organization:
- 5 different elements:
o Social structure: activities/relations/interactions that take on a regular pattern.
▪ Formal social structure: introduced by the organization with a particular
goal.
▪ Informal social structure: emerge naturally by participants
o Participants: the people in an organization. They are a persistent cause of problems.
o Goals: what the organization wants to achieve. Keep in mind that these really are the
goals of some participants within the organization, which sometimes conflict.
o Technology: the means used to transform raw material (physical, informational,
human) into some final product (e.g., machines, computers, software).
o Environment: everything outside the bounds of the organization that have
influenced it or are shaped by it.
- Scott’s elements can be used to conduct a basic analysis of any organization.
- Scott categorized organization theories in 3 major perspectives:
o Rational system perspective: organizations are collectives in pursuit of goals, and
they exhibit relatively formal social structures. This is the most common perspective.
o Natural system perspective: organizations are collectives whose participants have a
common interest in the system and who thus informally organize to this end. This is a
more sociological perspective.
o Open systems perspective: organizations are coalitions of shifting interest groups
that develop goals by negotiations, and they are influenced by environmental
factors.
o This is a metatheoretical framework: a grand theory of how people theorize about
organizations.
Hall’s definition of organization:
- Hall gives a one sentence definition: An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifiable
boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of authority (hierarchy), Communications system, and membership
coordinating systems (procedures); this collectivity exists, on a relatively continuous basis in an environment, and
3
, engages in activities that are usually related to a set of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational
members, the organization itself, and for society.
- 6 characteristics of this definition:
o Collectivity: group of humans who have something in common. There is a tension
between their different interests, the other characteristics try to solve this.
o Boundaries: who is a member.
o Normative order: (cultural) rules for behaviour.
o Authority (hierarchy)-, communication-, and coordination systems.
o Social structure with goals
o Organizations influence participant, their own organization, or society.
- Hall identifies 3 aspects of organizational reality:
o Structures: social structures
o Processes: activities towards goals
o Outcomes: consequences of these activities
Morgan’s Images of Organization:
- How we understand/conceptualize organizations depends on our mental image of them.
- Organizational theories can be associated with metaphors:
▪ Machine metaphor: views organizations as a tool.
▪ Organism metaphor: views organizations as living things that need resources
to stay alive.
▪ Brain metaphor: views organizations as decision-making, data-processing, or
learning entities.
▪ Cultural system metaphor: views organizations as collectivities of humans
with shared beliefs/values.
▪ Political system metaphor: views organizations as groups with conflicts over
different values/interests/priorities. Focus on competition and power.
▪ Psychic prison metaphor: views organizations as prisons that limit our
freedom of thought, and constrain not just our bodies, but our souls. This
metaphor is often used to criticize organizations.
▪ Instruments of domination metaphor: views organizations as tools that
advance the interests of one group at the expense of another. This metaphor
is often used to criticize organizations.
▪ Flux and transformation metaphor: views organizations as a constant state
of flux (change). This is the one used in the book (hopefully later explained).
De rest van hoofdstuk 1 is (vooral) informatie uit KST!
Our understanding of organizations can be enhanced by insights of classical sociological theory from
the time that society transitioned from feudalism to capitalism:
Marx (1818-1883):
- Feudalism -> capitalism; source of power: land -> capital
- Capitalist class (capital): group that owns the means of production.
4
