Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Biology of the Mind 5th Edition by Gazzaniga

1. What term was coined by Thomas Willis as a consequence of the case of Anne Green? a. psychopathology b. cognition c. neurology d. psychosis ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 2. Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also a. created very accurate drawings of the brain. b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures. c. took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Understanding 3. Each of the following are reasons why Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience EXCEPT: a. He named many brain parts. b. He gave frequent lectures on specific brain regions. c. He was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. d. He created very accurate brain images. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 4. While studying brain function, it is often useful to think of development in terms of , which is the perspective of . a. cognition; cognitive neuroscience c. blood flow; magnetic resonance imaging b. survival; evolution d. dysfunction; psychopathology ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 5. Which stance would most likely hold an assumption that physical elements of the brain are responsible for the conscious mind? a. monism c. dualism b. behaviorism d. relativism ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 6. René Descartes posited that the mind was separate from the body. However, he implicated a single brain structure, the pineal gland, as having what function? a. regulating feelings and emotions c. moderating cognitive processes b. connecting the mind and the body d. adjusting behavior ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Remembering 7. Considering the perspective recommended for approaching cognitive neuroscience, which of the following would best explain how a cognitive function may have developed? a. learning and reward c. neurological dysfunction b. integration with technology d. hunting and gathering ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Analyzing 8. A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities a. arise from networks of brain areas working together. b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull or the brain beneath. c. are best studied using the scientific method. d. can be best identified using the Golgi silver method of staining or fMRI. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 9. The discipline of phrenology was founded by a. Broca and Wernicke. c. Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. b. Fritsch and Hitzig. d. Gall and Spurzheim. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 10. Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that a. skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways. c. life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits, such as aggressiveness. d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Evaluating 11. Localizationist is to as holistic is to . a. Wernicke; Gall c. Flourens; Broca b. Gall; Flourens d. Broca; Wernicke ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 12. Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed because a. he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. c. he sought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. d. he used his own skull as the base model. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 13. The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with a. Broca. c. Brodmann. b. Hughlings Jackson. d. Flourens. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 14. The key observation leading John Hughlings Jackson to propose a topographical organization in the cerebral cortex was that a. speech disturbances could be identified by left-hemisphere lesions. b. the two hemispheres of the brain served different functions. c. seizures begin in a localized region of the cortex. d. focal brain damage causes specific behavioral deficits. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Analyzing 15. In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was that a. he did not seek disconfirming evidence. b. he was not a scientist. c. his method was correlational. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Analyzing 16. Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him? a. You are a domineering person. b. Your father was a very domineering person. c. Your brother is a domineering person. d. Your mother was a very domineering person. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 17. The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as a. the neuron doctrine. c. rationalism. b. aggregate field theory. d. the law of effect. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 18. John Hughlings Jackson proposed a organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with . a. holistic; aphasia c. topographic; epilepsy b. topographic; aphasia d. holistic; epilepsy ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 19. was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior. a. Broca c. Flourens b. Hughlings Jackson d. Brodmann ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 20. Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production? a. Flourens c. Broca b. Wernicke d. Brodmann ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 21. Patient Leborgne was nicknamed "Tan" because that was the only word he could utter. Leborgne had developed an aphasia due to a lesion in which area of the brain? a. frontal cortex c. cerebellum b. Broca’s area d. Wernicke’s area ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 22. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca to do, compared to before his stroke? a. listening to a piano recital c. reading a book aloud b. appreciating a painting d. playing a game of cards ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 23. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke to do, compared to before his stroke? a. understanding a speech c. singing a song b. painting a picture d. riding a horse ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 24. Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension. a. right frontotemporal area c. right temporoparietal area b. left frontotemporal area d. left temporoparietal area ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Applying 25. Wernicke is to as Broca is to . a. understanding speech; speaking b. speaking; understanding speech c. aggregate field theory; topographic organization d. aggregate field theory; aggregate field theory ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Remembering 26. As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with . a. fine motor control; the sense of touch b. the sense of touch; fine motor control c. the production of language; the perception of language d. the perception of language; the production of language ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.2 MSC: Understanding 27. One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that a. most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions. b. investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until the 20th century. c. most early investigators focused on studying the brain–behavior relationship in animals rather than in humans. d. there was little interest in this field until the 20th century. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 28. Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in . a. phrenological; cytoarchitectonics c. tissue staining; cytoarchitectonics b. phrenological; chronometrics d. tissue staining; chronometrics ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 29. Each of the following contributions led to the establishment of the neuron doctrine EXCEPT: a. Golgi’s silver method. b. Purkinje’s description of the first nerve cell. c. Thorndike’s observation of adaptive response. d. Brodmann’s cortical maps. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 30. Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. More specifically, they found systematic relationship between the portion of the cortex stimulated and specific . a. a; movements b. a; vocalizations c. no; movements d. no; vocalizations ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 31. Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by a. the structure of their surface convolutions. b. their structure at the cellular level. c. the complex functions they perform. d. the basic functions they perform. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 32. Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early 20th century? a. look at a CAT scan b. observe the tracts that connect each layer c. study living patients with damage to those cells d. look at the layers under a microscope ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Applying 33. The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was a. Purkinje. c. Brodmann. b. Helmholtz. d. Hyde. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 34. Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm? a. synapse c. striatum b. syncytium d. claustrum ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 35. La reazione nera, or “the black reaction,” refers to a. a cell stain developed by Golgi. b. a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. c. a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. d. a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 36. Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the 19th century? a. Paul Broca c. Gustav Theodor Fritsch b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón y Cajal ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 37. Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”? a. The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers. b. The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive. c. The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive. d. The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 38. The neuron doctrine is usually credited to , who used a staining technique pioneered by . a. Purkinje; Brodmann c. Golgi; Ramón y Cajal b. Brodmann; Purkinje d. Ramón y Cajal; Golgi ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 39. The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he a. developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. b. showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units. c. discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. d. demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Understanding 40. The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between a. a blood vessel and surrounding neurons. b. two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain. c. two adjacent neurons. d. an axon and the cell body of a neuron. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering 41. Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge a. originates from sensory experience. b. must be experimentally tested. c. must be deduced and justified through reason. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Remembering 42. Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge a. must be deduced and justified through reason.