RN growth and development EAQ

To which client should the nurse provide education regarding the pubertal growth spurt? An 8-year-old school-age male client A 16-year-old adolescent male client A 12-year-old school-age female client An 18-year-old adolescent female client At which stage of Kohlberg’s theory does an individual want to fulfill the expectations of one’s immediate group? Good boy-nice girl orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Universal ethical principle orientation How many hours of sleep should the nurse recommend for the 11-year-old client? 9 8 11 12 Which component of the human personality, according to Freud, allows an individual to judge reality accurately? Id Ego Superego Oedipus complex Which statement is true about Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? Piaget’s theory includes five periods that are related to age. In the late preoperational stage, the children experience animism. In the preoperational stage, children are able to perform mental operations. During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop an action pattern for dealing with their environment. Which client may have concerns related to sexuality when hospitalized with a chronic illness? An 8-year-old A 10-year-old A 12-year-old An 18-year-old How many days is the neonatal period? Record your answer using whole numbers. 28 days Which of these age groups has the highest incidence of lead poisoning? Adult Toddler Adolescent School-age child Which period of Piaget’s theory covers the prevalence of egocentrism in adolescents? Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operations Concrete operations In which settings should the nurse prepare to administer developmental assessment for pediatric clients? Select all that apply. Home School Hospital Daycare center Assisted living center Which stage of development classifies boys and girls as differing very little in terms of size? Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescence Which age should the nurse teach the parents of a school-age client to expect mandibular second molars to erupt? 7 to 8 years 9 to 10 years 10 to 12 years 11 to 13 years According to Freud, which must occur before an individual is able to have a mature adult sexual relationship? Puberty Conflict resolution Acquisition of new skills Loss of self in another person According to Erikson, what should the nurse anticipate when assessing an adolescent? Being engaged in tasks Questioning sexual identity Having highly imaginative thoughts Wanting to participate in organized activities During which stage of development should the nurse anticipate sibling relationships that fluctuate between open bickering and supportive relationships? Preschool Early school-age Late adolescence Middle school-age Which stage of the development should the nurse document for an infant when using Freud’s theory of psychosocial development? Oral Anal Phallic Latent What is the reason for calculating a body mass index (BMI)-for-age during a health maintenance assessment for school-age clients? Assessing for bulimia nervosa Monitoring for failure to thrive Monitoring for anorexia nervosa Assessing for obesity or overweight Which is a goal for organized athletics for school-age children? A life-long enjoyment of fitness. A physical examination every two years. The use of appropriate safety equipment. Participation in warm-up exercises prior to physical activity. Which stage describes the Oedipus complex, according to Freud’s theory? Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 What is true about the preoperational period of Piaget’s theory? The child develops a scheme for dealing with the environment. The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. The child has the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does. Which of these statements about the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is true? Hyperthermia is observed in the newborn. Newborns are susceptible to heat loss and cold stress. Apgar assessments are conducted 5 and 10 minutes after birth. Physiological changes in the newborn occur during the first 12 hours of life. Which statement describes the latency stage of Freud’s psychoanalytic model of personality development? During this stage, genital organs are the focus of pleasure. During this stage, sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities. During this stage, an infant begins to think that his or her parent is separate from the self. During this stage, sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle. Which type of prehension is exhibited by a 5-month-old infant? The grasp is palmar. Hands are mostly open. The grasp is a crude pincer. Hands are predominantly closed. How does an adolescent establish group identity during psychosocial development? By evaluating his or her own health with a feeling of well-being By fostering his or her independence with balanced family structure By building close peer relationships to achieve acceptance in the society By achieving marked physical changes with masculine and feminine behaviors Which psychosocial change does a 2-year-old child exhibit? Achieves full independence Engages in temper tantrums Exhibits weak determination Performs very few muscular activities Which statement is true regarding the physical development of a preschooler? Children gain about 3 lbs (1.36 kg) per year. Preschoolers grow 6.2 to 7.5 cm per year. Preschoolers grow three times their length at around 4 years. The average weight of the child at four years is 32 lbs (14.51 kg). What developmental skills does a preschooler exhibit? Select all that apply. Personal identity Specific reasoning Increased curiosity Magical thinking Understanding of others Which period of Piaget’s theory describes the idea of object permanence? Sensorimotor period Preoperational period Formal operations period Concrete operations period According to Piaget during which developmental state is the pediatric client egocentric? Infancy Adolescence Early childhood Middle childhood The nurse is providing care to the family of a preschool-age child who is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Which statement made by the sibling would initiate a teaching session with the parents regarding discipline? "I really wish my brother wasn’t sick all the time." "I am afraid that I caused my brother to get sick again because I was mad at him." "When I lied to my parents, I was punished for a week and my brother never gets punished." "I never get to go over to my friends’ houses because we are always taking my brother to the doctor." Which should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a preschool-age child? Being engaged in tasks Questioning sexual identity Having highly imaginative thoughts Wanting to participate in organized activities How much does the head circumference increase per month from 4 to 6 months of age? 1 cm (0.4 inch) 2 cm (0.75 inch) 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) 3.5 cm (1.38 inch) According to Piaget’s theory, which of these statements about the period of concrete operations is true? A child develops a scheme for dealing with the environment. A child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. A child has the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. A child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does. According to Kohlberg’s theory, which stage comes before the society-maintaining orientation stage? Social contract orientation Good boy-nice girl orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Punishment and obedience orientation Which actions demonstrate fine motor skills? Select all that apply. Crawling Creeping Sitting erect Holding a rattle Picking up objects Holding a baby bottle According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true? A person wants to fulfill family expectations. A child’s thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures. A child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. An individual moves away from moral decisions based on authority. At which stage of development should the nurse anticipate that pediatric clients will begin to show differences in play activities that are related to gender? Preschool Adolescence Late school-age Early school-age What gross motor skill is found in children between two to four months of age? The child can creep on its hands and knees. The child has predominant inborn reflexes. The child can sit alone without any kind of support. The child can bear weight on forearms when prone. Which school-age client does the nurse anticipate will experience sibling rivalry as a source of stress? A 9-year-old male A 7-year-old male A 6-year-old female An 8-year-old female According to Piaget, which statement describes the concrete operation stage? During this stage, children have egocentric thoughts. During this stage, children are able to perform mental operations. During this stage, children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. During this stage, children develop an action pattern for dealing with the environment. Which should the nurse encourage for the adolescent client diagnosed with a chronic illness to achieve independence from family? Using coping skills Wearing make-up Buying stylish clothes Socializing with peers Which statement correctly describes the initiative versus guilt stage? Individuals like to pretend and try out new roles. Individuals are more accomplished in some basic self-care activities. Individuals show marked preoccupation with appearance and body image. Individuals are eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools. What is the similarity between Havinghurst’s stage-crisis theory and Erikson’s psychosocial development theory? Both theories are based on developmental tasks. Both theories incorporate eight stages of development. Both theories are based on psychosexual development. Both theories emphasize that a child’s growth is directed by gene activity. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which stage is a part of conventional reasoning? Social contract orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrument relativist orientation Universal ethical principle orientation During which week of pregnancy does placental development occur? First Third Fifth Seventh According to the Piaget’s theory, which behavior does a nine-year-old child show? Logical reasoning Concrete thinking Object permanence Imaginary audience The nurse is preparing to assess several clients at a pediatric clinic. Which client would require a developmental screening versus developmental surveillance during a scheduled health maintenance visit? A 9-month-old infant A 2-week-old newborn A 15-month-old toddler A 4-year-old preschooler During testing of the neurologic reflexes of an infant, which reflex should the nurse expect to appear at 3 months and persist until 24 to 36 months of age? Neck righting Body righting Otolith righting Labyrinth righting Which of these skills should be present in a six to eight month old child? The child pulls himself or herself to stand or sit. The child is able to pick small objects. The child can sit alone without support. The child can place objects into containers. The nurse is learning about the shift in total body fluid that occurs from infancy to adulthood. What percentage of body weight is the weight of extracellular fluid (ECF) in an infant at term? 10% 20% 44% 78% When does the anterior fontanel of an infant close? At 4 to 10 months At 8 to 12 months At 12 to 18 months At 18 to 26 months According to Erikson’s stages of life, what is the stage when a child begins walking, feeding, and using the toilet? Trust versus mistrust Initiative versus guilt Identity versus role confusion Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt The parents of a preschooler tell the nurse that they try to inculcate good eating habits by asking the child to be at the table until the "plate is clean." What condition is the child at risk for? Anorexia Depression Aggression Poor eating habits Which type of relationship is most important to the school-age child? Same-sex peer relationships Opposite-sex peer relationship Same-sex parental relationship Opposite-sex parental relationship According to Piaget’s theory, which period describes a child’s stage of egocentrism? Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operations Concrete operations According to the Erikson’s theory, which stage in a young adult describes the development of the sense of caring for others? Initiative versus guilt Integrity versus despair Intimacy versus isolation Identity versus role confusion Which type of play should the nurse encourage when providing age-appropriate care to a preschool-age child who is hospitalized? Team Parallel Solitary Associative What is true about the instrumental relativist orientation stage? An individual recognizes that there is more than one correct point of view. An individual finds a balance between societal rules and basic human rights and obligations. An individual response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. An individual sees moral reasoning based on own personal internalization of societal and other’s expectations. Which stage is a part of postconventional reasoning? Social contract orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Punishment and obedience orientation Which theory states that a child’s growth pattern is related to gene activity? Gesell’s theory Piaget’s theory Erikson’s theory Havinghurst’s theory Which period of Piaget’s theory explains animism in a child? Period I Period II Period III Period IV Which is an inborn error of metabolism that affects growth and development? Cystic fibrosis Achondroplasia Turner syndrome Hunter syndrome Which action related to gender is often expected in regards to socialization for school-age girls within the community setting? Expressing feelings openly Being insensitive to others Trying out for the football team at school Taking the most challenging classes in school What stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development defines "right" by the decision of the conscience? Social contract orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Universal ethical principle orientation The nurse is providing care to an infant who is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). Which parental statement indicates the need for further education related to the potential for poor growth? "My child’s diagnosis causes delayed bone growth." "My child will have a poor appetite, which will lead to poor growth." "My child will have increased oxygen demands, which will lead to poor growth." "My child will have a decreased ability to absorb nutrients, which will cause poor growth By which age do children develop binocularity? 8 to 9 weeks 3 to 4 months 7 to 8 months 9 to 12 months Which fine motor skill should the nurse expect when assessing the development of an infant between 10 and 12 months of age? Holds a crayon Walks with assistance Stands independently Sits from a standing position At what age does a child start to crawl? 3 months 5 months 7 months 9 months From which client does the nurse expect dramatic physical growth and marked development? 9-month-old infant 24-month-old toddler 4-year-old preschool-age child 10-year-old school-age child If hearing loss is detected early, proper intervention can help a child achieve normal language development. What is the latest age that hearing loss should be detected to ensure that a child achieves normal language development? Record your answer using a whole number. 3 month At which stage of Kohlberg’s theory is the child afraid of punishment? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 For which pediatric client should the nurse use the Age and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) as a developmental screening tool during a health maintenance assessment? A 2-week old newborn client A 15-month-old toddler client A 6-year-old school-age client A 14-year-old adolescent client The nurse is discussing the neurologic reflexes seen in an infant with the parents. Which reflex will the nurse state as being present indefinitely? Landau Parachute Body righting Neck righting At what age does an infant achieve permanent eye color? 2 weeks 30 months 2 months 6 months Which stage of Piaget’s theory of growth and development does an infant develops an action pattern to deal with the environment? Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operations Concrete operation The mother of a 2-year-old girl expresses concern that her daughter’s growth rate has slowed. What should the nurse explain to the mother about the growth of toddlers? "This growth pattern is typical at this age." "Toddlers are too busy exploring their world to eat." "This growth pattern can’t be interpreted for another year." "Toddlers usually lose their taste for foods they liked when younger." The student nurse is learning about the developmental characteristics of vision. Which major developmental characteristics does an infant start exhibiting around age 6 weeks? Select all that apply. Having binocular vision Having doll’s eye reflex Having visual acuity 20/40 to 20/60 Having peripheral vision to 180 degree Having strabismus if binocular vision is absent The nurse is instructing the parents of a 6-month-old infant about sleeping patterns and the best sleeping positions for their child. Which instruction regarding sleep position is most important? "Place the infant in a supine position for sleep." "Avoid positioning the head on alternating sides." "A prone position is more beneficial for sleeping." "If the infant is restless, place it on one side to sleep." When should the nurse anticipate that the school-age client will have all primary teeth? 5 years of age 6 years of age 7 years of age 8 years of age According to Freud, which is a source of pleasure for a toddler-age client that the nurse should educate parents about in regards to normal growth and development? Mouth Anal zone Sexual urges Genital organs What type of development is described under Freud’s theory? Cognition development Psychosocial development Psychosexual development Moral reasoning development Which result does the nurse anticipate when providing care to a preschool-age child who successfully completes tasks associated with this stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development? Faith and optimism Devotion and fidelity Direction and purpose Self-control and willpower The nurse is assessing the development of a male child and finds that the child is tall, with deficient secondary sex characteristics and hypogenitalism. Which chromosomal notation is associated with the child’s condition? 45,XO 47,XXX 47,XYY 48,XXXY What is the expected average weight for a 6-month-old child? 680 g (1.5 lb) 7.26 kg (16 lb) 11.34 kg (25 lb) 9.75 kg (21.5 lb) What is the longest time after birth that the Apgar test is conducted for the second time? Record your answer using a whole number. 5 Which symptoms present in a child indicate Turner syndrome? Select all that apply. Webbed neck Impaired language Tall stature with long legs Low position of posterior hairline Shield-shaped chest with wide space between the nipples The parents of a preschooler are worried, because the child is often seen talking to imaginary friends. The parents admit that they often scold the child for such behavior. Of what does the nurse inform the parents? "The child may develop severe psychological problems." "You must involve the child in some spiritual activities." "There may be some neurologic or developmental issue." "The behavior is normal at this age and it will help counter loneliness." Which statement describes stage 2 of Kohlberg’s theory? The child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. An adolescent chooses to avoid a party where they know beer will be served. An individual wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one’s immediate group. A child’s response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules. A child has been diagnosed with hemophilia type A after experiencing excessive bleeding from a minor trauma. The mother states that the toddler being seen for the trauma is very active and is difficult, constantly saying no. What would be an appropriate response? "Toddlers are curious, trying to make decisions and be independent." "Saying no at this stage is a signal that the child may need some therapy." "You must show the child from a young age that you are the boss and in charge." "Responsible parenting means you must protect the child from all future injuries." Which safeguards should the school nurse teach parents to assess for prior to allowing schoolage clients to participate in athletic programs? Select all that apply. A life-long enjoyment of fitness The use of appropriate equipment The development of basic motor skills A physical examination every two years Participation in warm-up exercises prior to physical activity An 8-year-old child is being prepared for surgery the next day. How should the nurse present preoperative instructions to this child? By repeating instructions often By providing time for needle play By using several abstract examples By focusing on simple anatomic diagrams What should the nurse suggest when parents ask what to do about their preschooler’s stuttering? Speak clearly and do not complete the child’s sentences. Avoid looking at the child when he experiences difficulty forming words. Help the child by supplying the correct word when he experiences a block. Stop the conversation and tell the child to speak slowly when starting again. Which is a characteristic of the glands that secrete a thick substance in response to emotional stimulation and become odoriferous because of bacterial action? Highly active in childhood Absent around the umbilicus Widely distributed throughout the body Grow in conjunction with axillary hair follicles The parents of a preschooler inform the nurse that their child often develops diarrhea and ask whether there might be anything wrong with the child’s stomach. Upon assessment, the nurse also finds that the child has poor oral care and is at risk for dental caries. What is the most probable cause for the child’s health issues? The family often consumes fast foods. The parents neglect the child’s dietary needs. The family does not follow hygienic practices. The child consumes excessive amounts of fruit juice. Which is a common attribute that the nurse assesses in an "easy" child? Passive resistance Predictable habits Intense mood expressions Slow adaptation to change What should the nurse anticipate, according to Erikson, when assessing a school-age child? Select all that apply. Being engaged in task Questioning sexual identity Having highly imaginative thoughts Wanting to participate in organized activities Struggling with self-control and independence The nurse is explaining to the mother of two teenage children why her daughter’s height is comparatively less than her son’s height. What is the reason for lower overall height in girls compared with boys? Increase in muscle mass Hypertrophy of the laryngeal mucosa Maturation of structural appendages of the skin Closure of epiphyses because of estrogen secretion The nurse is teaching hygiene practices to a 16-year-old client who has recently had her first menstrual flow. Under which phase of development does the nurse classify the client? Prepubescence Postpubescence Late adolescence Middle adolescence The nurse is using Piaget’s theory to assess the cognitive development in a child. What is most likely to be the age of the child who has reached a developmental milestone by grasping the concept of conservation of numbers for the first time? 5 years 7 years 9 years 12 years While performing the physical assessment of an infant, the nurse notices the infant has developed a color preference for red and yellow. What is most likely to be the age of the infant? 4 weeks 8 weeks 15 weeks 20 weeks Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is associated with a person following a law even if it is discriminatory to a racial group? pWhich stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is associated with a person following a law if it is discriminatory to a racial group?/p Social contract orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Universal ethical principle orientation What of these stages should the nurse include when explaining Piaget’s theory of child development to a parent? Select all that apply. Phallic stage Latency stage Sensorimotor stage Formal operations stage Punishment orientation stage A community health nurse makes a home visit to a disabled 13-year-old client who has a 6- month-old infant sister. The infant lies quietly in her crib and rarely smiles or vocalizes; it appears that the infant barely has her basic needs met. What is the nurse’s most appropriate intervention? Advise the parent that the infant will be retarded if not stimulated. Ask the disabled client to spend more time playing with the sister. Encourage purchasing toys that are appropriate for the infant’s age level. Determine whether there is anyone who can help with chores and the infant’s care. What does the nurse anticipate the primary healthcare provider to advise the parents of a child newly diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder? There is no risk of recurrence of this disease in the next child. You may need to use a donor egg for future children. There are more chances of miscarriage in the next pregnancy. You can find more information about this disease on the internet. Which school-age children require close supervision when using a skateboard? Select all that apply. 5-year-old 6-year-old 7-year-old 8-year-old 9-year-old What should the nurse teach the parent of an infant who is at risk for infections? "You must avoid placing the infant in bright sunlight." "Breast-feeding will provide protection against bacteria." "Use soy-based infant formulas to help prevent infection." "The infant will be less susceptible to infections later in life." Which instruction should the nurse give to parents to help their child get accustomed to a new babysitter? "Ask the babysitter to stand very close to the child." "Ask the babysitter to hold out arms and smile broadly." "Stay close and allow the child to observe the babysitter." "Discourage the child from clinging in front of the babysitter." In which stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client who wants to maintain expectations with his or her immediate group? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 In which stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development does the nurse anticipate a client to expand focus from relationships with others to societal concerns? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Which behaviors should the nurse anticipate when conducting a developmental assessment for a newborn? Select all that apply. Sucking on a pacifier Grasping a parents finger Discovering hands and feet Swallowing while breastfeeding Rooting when the cheek is stroked What birth weight in a neonate indicates that the infant is a very low birth weight (VLBW) infant? 900 g 1300 g 1700 g 2000 g Which reflex does the nurse assess in a newborn to determine auditory ability? Startle reflex Rooting reflex Glabellar reflex Extrusion reflex Which should the nurse encourage for a school-age client diagnosed with a chronic illness to enhance a sense of accomplishment? Wearing make-up Making up missed work Participating in sports activities Participating in creative activities According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which should the nurse include in the plan of care for a young adult client who is hospitalized? The importance of having support from the client’s peers. The importance of having support from the client’s siblings. The importance of having support from the client’s parents. The importance of having support from the client’s significant other. Which growth and developmental assessments should the nurse include when conducting a health maintenance visit for a 15-month-old toddler? Select all that apply. Weight Heart rate Blood pressure Head circumference Developmental screening The nurse is applying skin ointment to acne lesions for a client who has recently reached puberty. What does the nurse anticipate as the cause for the extensive acne? Thelarche as the first indication of puberty Influence of gonadal and adrenal androgens Increased subcutaneous fat before a skeletal growth spurt Highly active sebaceous glands in "flush areas" of the body Which should the nurse teach to a preschool-age client to avoid the risk of altered growth and development? Trust Empathy Impulse control Problem solving What growth changes are observed in a male client during adolescence? Select all that apply. Development of broader hips Development of deep and fuller voice Increase in length of vocal cords by 0.4 inch (1 cm) Increase in length of vocal cords by 0.17 inch (0.4 cm) Uncontrollable shifting of the voice from deep to high tone Which chart should the nurse use to plot an infant’s physical growth during a scheduled health maintenance visit? Center for Disease Control (CDC) World Health Organization (WHO) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) National Association of Pediatric Nurses (NAPN) According to Piaget’s theory, which of these statements would a nurse say to a mother about her four-year-old child? Select all that apply. "The child will only be able to consider his or her own point of view." "The child will consider that inanimate objects may be alive." "The child will think about an action before performing it." "The child will believe that his or her actions are scrutinized." "The child will be able to order things according to length." A toddler wearing a diaper is impatient with the wet diaper and a shows a desire to have it changed. Which toilet training readiness does this behavior indicate? Mental readiness Physical readiness Parental readiness Psychological readiness Which stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on the needs of an infant? Trust versus mistrust Intimacy versus isolation Autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt Generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation While playing with a toy car, a toddler accidentally hits the wall and falls down. The toddler then gets angry at the wall for making him fall. Which characteristic of preoperational thought does this behavior indicate? Animism Centration Egocentrism Irreversibility Which assessment question is appropriate when collecting a developmental history for an adolescent who is new to the pediatric practice? "What grades do you get in school?" "Have your wisdom teeth erupted yet?" "What was your approximate height at 4 years of age?" "What was your approximate weight at 5 years of age?" The nurse is conducting a health assessment for a school-age child who is new to the pediatric practice. Which questions should the nurse ask the child and parents related to growth? Select all that apply. "What grade are you currently attending?" "At what age did your child cut his or her first tooth?" "Do you have a best friend at your new school?" "What was your child’s approximate length at 1 year of age?" "What was your child’s approximate weight at 6 months, 1, 2, and 5 years of age?" ow do adolescents establish health identity during psychosocial development? By evaluating their own health with feelings of well-being By fostering their independence with a balanced family structure By building close peer relationships to achieve societal acceptance By achieving marked physical changes with masculine and feminine behaviors Which type of play will help develop a leader-follower type of relationship? Solitary play Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play Which finding indicates that a newborn has vernix caseosa? Brown hair on the skin Rosy to yellowish skin Light-pink to reddish-brown skin Cheese-like substance on the skin Which solid food can be given to a 6-month-old infant? Raw pieces of fruit Crackers or Zwieback Firmly cooked vegetable Well-cooked table foods The nurse is assessing a newborn whose parents are Asian. The nurse finds that the child has irregular, deep-blue pigmentation on the gluteal regions. What does the nurse interpret from these findings? The child has milia. The child has Mongolian spots. The child has erythema toxicum. The child has harlequin color change. Which client situation may benefit from the nurse issuing a contract regarding the plan of care? An infant’s parents prior to hospital discharge A preschool-age child requiring immunizations A school-age child who is active in afterschool sports An adolescent who is seeking information regarding birth control Which common source of stress for a 6-year-old client should the nurse include in the teaching session during a scheduled health maintenance visit? Wanting to be first Demanding privacy Having a desire to be like an idol Being more selective with playmates A nurse is supportive of a child receiving long-term rehabilitation in the home rather than in a health care facility. Why is living with the family so important to a child's emotional development? It provides rewards and punishment. The child's development is supported. It reflects the mores of a larger society. It is where child's identity and roles are learned. Which nursing action is appropriate when assessing a pediatric client’s arm circumference? Using specialized calipers for the measurements Having cloth tape available to measure the midpoint Recording the average of one measurement using two sites Measuring vertically along the posterior aspect of the upper arm What should be included in the assessment of a school health promotional program for adolescents? Select all that apply. The nurse should perform a school violence assessment. The nurse should assess the sleep pattern of the students. The nurse should identify individuals at risk for drug abuse. The nurse should explain the need for fluoride supplements to prevent dental caries. The nurse should teach the students about gun safety. The parents of a child often try to persuade their preschooler to touch their pet dog because they want to reduce the child’s fear of dogs. Instead, the child’s fears and anxiety increase. What does the nurse suggest the parents do to help overcome their child’s fear? "Ask the child to touch the dog’s back gently." "Keep the child away from dogs for a few years." "Let the child watch other children playing with dogs." "Bring in a pet cat to familiarize the child with animals." Which growth characteristics does the nurse anticipate for a 16-year-old female client? Select all that apply. Physically mature Reaching peak velocity Decreasing rate of growth Reaching ninety-five percent of adult height Having well advanced secondary sexual characteristics The nurse finds that a child has developed the qualities of independence, self-control, and self-governance. Which type of development does the nurse anticipate in the toddler? Social development Spiritual development Biologic development Psychosocial development A child is frightened and refuses to use the toilet after watching a television commercial that shows the toilet bowl turning into a monster and swallowing the person using it. Which behavior does the child exhibit? Animism Modeling Aggression Desensitization What is the similarity between the preoperational period and the formal operations period? Both periods reflect egocentrism in the individual. Both periods demonstrate animism in the individual. Both stages outline play as a means for fostering development. Both periods are characterized by an individual’s capacity to reason with respect to all possibilities. Which parental statement indicates accurate understanding of bicycle safety for the school-age client? "My child should ride opposite of traffic." "My child should ride his bicycle through crosswalks." "My child should avoid hand signals in advance of stopping." "My child should keep as close to the curb as possible when in the street." The nurse is performing physical assessments for children in a daycare center. Which children should require a head circumference in order to monitor growth patterns? Select all that apply. A 6-month-old infant who is breastfed A 15-month-old toddler who has asthma A 3-year-old child whose birthday was the day prior A 5-year-old who will attend kindergarten in the fall An 8-year-old child who will begin playing soccer next week According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which attribute plays an important role in the development of a healthy personality from birth to 1 year of age? Initiative versus guilt Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame Industry versus inferiority A 21-year-old male client sustains a spinal injury at the level of T5. Which developmental task will be most difficult for this client to achieve? Mastering his environment Identifying with the male role Developing meaningful relationships Differentiating himself from the environment What considerations should be included in caring for an infant who is failing to thrive (FTT)? Select all that apply Dietary history Signs of malnutrition Familial stress factors 75th percentile for weight Parent and infant interaction Sustained growth under 5th percentile Why does the nurse recommend that parents give their child food rich in vitamin A? To help the child improve visual acuity To help the child improve language skills To help the child develop gross motor skills To help the child improve concentration levels The parents tell the nurse that their preschooler often awakes from sleep screaming in the middle of the night. The preschooler is not easily comforted and screams if the parents try to restrain the child. What does the nurse instruct the parents? "Always read a story to the child before bedtime." "Intervene only if necessary to protect the child from injury." "Discuss counseling options with the primary health care provider." "Try to wake the child and ask the child to describe the dream." Which should the nurse include in the plan of care to decrease the risk for drown injury for a school-age client? Securing seatbelts properly Using a low heat setting when cooking Recommending enrollment in swimming lessons Making sure smoke detectors are installed in the home Which characteristics does the nurse observe in a client who has secondary amenorrhea? No uterine bleeding for 4 years after breast development Absence of menstrual bleeding for three cycles after menarche Absence of uterine bleeding and secondary sex characteristics at age 16 years No uterine bleeding for 1 year after attaining a sexual maturity rating of 5 on the Tanner scale Which should the nurse include in the plan of care to decrease the risk for injury related to motor vehicle accidents for a school-age client? Securing seat belts properly Using a low heat setting when cooking Recommending enrollment in swimming lessons Making sure smoke detectors are installed in the home Which growth parameter does the nurse assess using calipers? Length Weight Skinfold thickness Head circumference For which clients should the nurse measure head circumference during the growth and development assessment? Select all that apply. A 2-month-old infant A 3-year-old preschooler A 14-year-old adolescent An 18-month-old toddler A 6-year-old school-age child While assessing the development of an 8-month-old infant, the nurse finds that the infant is interested in playing with food, water, and sand. Which type of content play interests the child? Skill play Dramatic play Sense-pleasure Imitative games Which nursing action promotes psychosocial development for a newborn? Washing hands prior to holding the newborn Measuring the newborn using an approved length board Weighing the newborn on the same scale during hospitalization Placing the newborn in the mother’s arms during the first hour of life The mother of an infant with Down syndrome asks the nurse what causes the disorder. Before responding, the nurse recalls that the genetic factor of Down syndrome results from what? An intrauterine infection An X-linked genetic disorder Extra chromosomal material An autosomal recessive gene What would be the nurse’s first step in efficiently tackling a situation of moral dilemma? Helping the client make a moral decision Recognizing one’s own moral development level Abiding by the decision of the hospital authority Having one’s own opinion that differs from the healthcare team A mother complains to a nurse that her three-year-old child refuses to go to play school. The child rarely interacts and avoids playing with other children. What statement should the nurse tell the mother? "Do not be concerned because all toddlers behave this way." "Ask the teacher to push the child to speak up and open up to the other kids." "Set boundaries and supervise the child closely." "Give your child time to get acquainted and warm up to the new environment." During a clinical assessment, what secondary sex characteristics does the nurse observe in a teenage client? Select all that apply. Change in voice Enlargement of breasts Development of facial hair Beginning of menstruation Completion of skeletal growth While assessing a term infant a few hours after birth, the nurse finds a body temperature of 95.5° F (35.3° C). What does the nurse do in this situation? Avoid applying a fabric-insulated or wool cap. Remove clothing and expose the infant to room air. Keep the infant in a double-walled incubator for a few hours. Instruct the parents to wipe the neonate’s body with warm water. Which activities should the nurse recommend to a middle-age adult client to find a sense of fulfillment, according to Erikson? Select all that apply. Attending church functions Visiting adult children in their homes Becoming involved at a local hospital Volunteering to coach for a grandchild’s soccer team Allowing independent decision-making when hospitalized Which parental action would require the nurse to provide additional education related to the toddler-age client’s achievement of autonomy versus shame and doubt? Providing the child with a choice between two snacks each day Implementing a time-out equal in minutes to the child’s age in years Allowing the child to choose the lollipop flavor after receiving an injection Yelling at the child for having a bathroom-related accident in the waiting room A nurse is educating the parents of a preschooler about the importance of play in the development of their child. Which statements should the nurse include for adequate teaching? Select all that apply. "Playing helps the child to socialize with others." "Pretend play allows children to learn to understand others." "Playing helps the child to release frustration." "If the child fantasizes about imaginary playmates, introduce him or her to reality." "The child should completely avoid television, video games, and computer programs." A preschooler who is recently admitted to a school shows aggressive behavior towards his or her teacher. The child resists playing and interacting with other children. What is the temperament of the child according to Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas’s longitudinal study? The easy child The difficult child The hyperactive child The slow to warm-up child A nurse educates a parent about Erikson’s theory of child development. At what age would the nurse advise the parent to begin instilling a sense of trust in his or her child? Birth to 1 year 1 to 3 years 3 to 6 years 6 to 11 years The nurse is preparing to assess a preschool-age child who states, "This is Bella, my bear. People tell me that they can’t hear Bella talking, but that hurts her feelings and makes her cry." When documenting this interaction in the child’s medical record, which term should the nurse use? Animism Seriation Conservation Object permanence The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to the parents of a child who has a difficult temperament. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching session with these parents regarding their child’s temperament? Select all that apply. "Your child will develop predictable habits." "Your child will benefit from a bedtime routine." "Your child is open to change and adapts easily." "Your child is likely to adapt slowly to the new daycare setting." "Your child will display intense emotions, including those associated with happiness." A nurse counsels the parents of a five-year-old child. Which of these concepts would the nurse include in the discussion? Select all that apply. Animism Egocentrism Logical reasoning Concrete thinking Object permanence The nurse is preparing to bathe a neonate born at 30 weeks of gestation. Which practices by the nurse ensure the infant’s safety? Select all that apply. Gives the neonate a daily warm-water bath Immerses the neonate fully except the head in the tub Measures the body temperature within 2 to 4 hours before giving the bath Removes the vernix completely from the neonate’s skin while giving the bath Uses cleansing agents with neutral pH and minimal dyes while giving the bath The primary healthcare provider instructs the nurse to apply an emollient to an infant. During assessment, the nurse finds that the neonate is a preterm infant and has a body weight of 900 g. Which is the appropriate nursing intervention in this situation? Administer intravenous fluids before applying emollient. Monitor for coagulase-negative staphylococcus infection. Avoid applying emollient to dry, flaking, and fissured areas on the skin. Hold applying emollient and recheck with the primary healthcare provider. Which should the school nurse include in a teaching session with elementary school students related to nutritional intake and activity? Eating the same types of food each day Playing video games every day after school Choosing high-fat foods for an after school snack Consuming foods that are nutrient-rich, such as fruits Which parental statement indicates the need for further education regarding the psychosocial development that occurs during infancy? "My older kids are so excited that our 10-month-old can play hide-and-seek with them." "Peek-a-boo is an appropriate activity to initiate with my baby around 9 months of age." "I just bought my 6-month-old some new rattles to play with because they are easy to grasp." "It is important that my baby develops trust so we always respond when he cries for us at night." The nurse is counseling the parents of an adolescent child on the benefits of social development in the child’s maturation process. Which statement by the nurse needs correction to convey an appropriate message to the parents? Feelings of immortality in the child are undesirable and should be condemned. The family should encourage the child to make relationships outside the family. Feelings of intense sociability and equally intense loneliness are normal in the child. The family should encourage the child to develop an identity independent of parental authority. A nurse examines a class of seven-year-old students during a school health program. According to Erikson’s theory, which behavior would the students display? Students want to know "Who am I?" Students exhibit a sense of care for others. Students show an eagerness to learn social skills. Students like to pretend and try out new roles. The nurse is providing care to a 6-week-old infant who is hospitalized for poor growth. The infant is currently being breastfed and is diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT). Which is the priority nursing assessment for this infant? Family financial difficulties Uncoordinated suck and swallow Neglect and abuse by the parents Knowledge deficit related to nutritional intake The nurse administers a second dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) to a 4-month-old child. When does the child receive the third dose of IPV? At 6 months of age At 4 to 6 years of age At 8 to 9 years of age At 12 to 14 years of age Which nursing intervention will help the toddler-age client diagnosed with a chronic illness develop autonomy? Bringing finger paints to the child’s room Allowing the child to dress independently Encouraging play dates with other children of the same age Providing a choice between a book or movie prior to bedtime While caring for a breast-feeding client, the nurse instructs the client to begin feeding the infant when the child is quiet and alert. The nurse observes that the infant begins fussing and crying. What behavior does the infant display? Satiated behavior Approach behavior Prefeeding behavior Consummatory behavior The nurse is providing care to an infant diagnosed with Down syndrome. Which parental statement related to the infant’s growth indicates the need for further education? "My baby will have growth deficiencies during infancy." "My child will have accelerated growth during adolescence." "My child will most likely be overweight by 3 years of age." "My baby will have reduced growth in both height and weight." Which intervention should the nurse implement to help the infant, who has a chronic illness, in order to establish trust? Encouraging consistent caregivers for the infant Encouraging the infant to hold his or her own bottle Encouraging periodic respite for the infant’s parents Emphasizing the healthy attributes of the infant to the parents A mother complains that her three year old still performs thumb sucking. What should the nurse suggest to the mother? Select all that apply. "Try to engage child in more play activities." "Try to identify if the child is experiencing stress." "Consult a pediatrician immediately because this habit can be harmful to your child." "Be strict with the child whenever he or she sucks his or her thumb. "Do not worry because this is a normal habit that will go away over time." While teaching parents about the developmental milestones of a 15-month-old child, the nurse informs the parents about various activities that their child should be able to do. Which statement of the parent indicates effective learning? "My child can jump with both feet." "My child can walk up stairs with one hand held. "My child can creep up stairs and kneel without support." "My child goes up and down stairs alone with two feet on each step." Which intervention should the nurse implement in order to enhance sensorimotor development for an infant who is diagnosed with a chronic illness? Encouraging consistent caregivers for the infant Encouraging the infant to hold his or her own bottle Encouraging periodic respite for the infant’s parents Emphasizing the healthy attributes of the infant to the parents The nurse is teaching growth and development activities to the parents of a 3-month-old infant. Which statements does the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. "Your child should be able to show the grasp reflex." "Your child should be able to coo, babble, and chuckle." "Your child should be able to pull at blankets or clothes." "Your child should be able to put the feet into the mouth when supine." "Your child’s head can come up to a 45- to 90-degree angle from the table." The nurse is teaching health promotion techniques to the parents of a 5-year-old child. During the follow-up visit, the nurse anticipates that the child has a risk of muscle injury from overuse. Which statement by the parent supports the nurse’s opinion? "I make my child exercise 3 hours per day." "I advise my child to walk with his back straight." "I give my child a glass of whole cow’s milk every day." "I encourage my child to sleep 10 to 12 hours per night." Which topic should the nurse include in the anticipatory guidance provided to the parents of a 12-year-old client during a scheduled health maintenance visit? Erratic mood changes An increase in allergies Strong food preferences Changes that occur with puberty The nurse is assessing a newborn and anticipates that the newborn has renal impairment. Which finding supports the nurse’s conclusion? The newborn has odorless urine. The newborn has colorless urine. The newborn first voids after 76 hours. The newborn’s urine has a specific gravity of 1.020. After reviewing the laboratory reports of a 3-month-old infant, the nurse confirms hyponatremia in the infant. Which statement from the infant’s parent supports the nurse’s confirmation? "I avoid giving my child honey." "I avoid giving my child fruit juice." "I give my child purified water in the afternoon." "I give my child a daily vitamin D supplement of 400 IU." The nurse is planning a presentation related to growth and development for the parents of schoolage children. Which topic is most appropriate related to the topic of sexual maturation? Methods to prevent pregnancy Typical questions and learning needs Safer sex practices to prevent infection Information relayed by one parent to the child What nursing intervention should the nurse provide to a hospitalized individual according to the industry versus inferiority stage? Choose creative ways to promote social participation Provide a client with information about his or her treatment plan Involving a client’s partners or family members in the caring process Helping the client to actively participate in the treatment procedure When assessing the cognitive development of a 2-year-old-child, the nurse finds that the toddler exhibits global organization. Which behavior of the child supports the nurse’s conclusion? The child refuses to talk and play with peers of opposite sex. The child refuses to eat because something previously eaten did not taste good. The child refuses to sleep in his or her room because the location of the bed has changed. The child refuses to eat a food because of its color even though its taste and smell are acceptable. The nurse is assessing head growth in an 8-month-old infant. The nurse observes that the rate of the growth has been 0.5 cm per month since the 6-month check-up. What does the nurse tell the parents about the child’s development? "The child needs to be screened." "The child’s head growth is normal." "The child’s posterior fontanel is not fused." "There may be some developmental issues." Which activity should the nurse encourage to enhance a toddler’s ability to learn through sensorimotor experiences? Play dates Bottle holding Finger-painting Trips to the park Which finding related to a school-age client’s vital signs should the nurse anticipate during the assessment process? Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased respiratory rate Increased body temperature Which stage of development does the nurse anticipate for an adolescent client when using Piaget’s theory to assess cognitive development? Sensorimotor Pre-operational Formal operational Concrete operational Upon interacting with the parent of an 8-month-old infant, the nurse anticipates that the infant is at risk of childhood obesity. Which statement from the parent supports the nurse’s assumption? "I often feed my child cereal." "I often feed my child oatmeal." "I often give my child potato chips." "I feed my child mashed ripe banana." While assessing a 2-month-old infant, the nurse makes a loud sound and observes that the child forms a C shape with thumb and index finger while flexing the extremities. What does the nurse interpret from these findings? The child is exhibiting the Moro reflex. The child is exhibiting the rooting reflex. The child is exhibiting the Babinski reflex. The child is exhibiting the tonic neck reflex. Which behavior of a 3-year-old child indicates delayed development? Select all that apply. The child is unable to feed himself. The child is unable to climb the stairs. The child is unable to name the colors. The child is unable to count when asked. The child is unable to tie his or her shoes. The nurse observes an infant using his thumb and index finger to hold an object. What does the nurse infer from this? The infant is exhibiting Moro reflex. The infant is showing tonic neck reflex. The infant is exhibiting parachute reflex. The infant is showing crude pincer grasp reflex. After assessing a 1-year-old child, the nurse concludes that the child has normal development. Which finding supports the nurse’s conclusion? The child’s head bends toward the side that the nurse strokes. The child’s hips move toward the side that the nurse stimulates. The child’s toes hyperextend when the nurse strokes from the heel upward across the foot. The child abducts the arms while flexing the elbows when the nurse makes a loud noise. When assessing a child’s reflexes, the nurse places the child in the prone position and presses a thumb along the child’s spine from sacrum to neck. The nurse finds that the child starts crying and urinates while flexing the extremities. Which reflex is the nurse assessing in the child? Perez reflex Babinski reflex Trunk incurvation Ankle clonus reflex Which topic should the nurse include in the anticipatory guidance provided to the parents of a 7- year-old client during a scheduled health maintenance visit? Erratic mood changes An increase in allergies Strong food preferences Changes that occur with puberty Which screening report will help the nurse determine skeletal growth in a child? Electroencephalogram reports Radiographs of the hand and wrist Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Denver Developmental Screening Test The parents inform the nurse that their child is often seen daydreaming. What should the nurse explain to the parents? "The child is engaged in onlooker play." "The child needs to play with other children." "The child may have some neurologic issues." "The child is exhibiting normal behavior seen in children." The nurse is assessing a female preterm neonate after delivery. Which assessment findings does the nurse document in the hospital reports of the infant? Select all that apply. The infant has a prominent clitoris. The sole of the infant is deeply creased. The hair of the infant is fine and feathery. The infant rests in a more flexed attitude. The infant shows no resistance to the heel-to-ear maneuver. Which school-age developmental characteristics increases the client’s risk for poisoning? Select all that apply. Trying new things Adhering to group rules Increasing independence Being easily influenced by peers Having a strong allegiance to friends The nurse is preparing to assess height, length/height, and head circumference for several pediatric clients who are scheduled for health maintenance visits at a pediatric clinic. For which client should the nurse plot growth using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) growth chart? A 15-month-old infant who was bottle-fed A 30-month-old toddler who was breastfed A 4-year-old preschooler who was bottle-fed A 6-year-old school-age child who was breastfed According to Freud, which aspect of one’s life helps in the development of personality? The need for self-knowledge The need for sensual pleasure The need for trust and identity The need for moral development Which nursing actions are accurate when measuring a head circumference for an infant? Select all that apply. Using a cloth tape for accuracy Obtaining one measurement per visit Documenting the information in the progress notes Using paper tape marked with tenths of a centimeter Placing the tape slightly above the eyebrows and pinna of the ears Which adolescent’s thought corresponds to the good boy-nice girl orientation stage? "I should avoid parties where alcohol is served." "I should follow the rules or else the teacher will punish me." "I should follow all the laws formulated by the government." "I should complete my homework on time so that the teacher will reward me." The nurse is explaining to a parent about Freud’s theory of child development. What stages does the nurse include in the discussions? Select all that apply. Phallic stage Latency stage Sensorimotor stage Formal operation stage Punishment orientation stage A nursing instructor asks a nursing student about Kohlberg’s theory. Which stages does a nurse include under the first level of the theory? Select all that apply. Good boy-nice girl orientation Society-maintaining orientation Instrument relativist orientation Universal ethical principle orientation Punishment and obedience orientation The nurse instructs parents to avoid placing their infant in a prone position while sleeping. Which risk does the nurse seek to prevent with this instruction? Otitis media of the ear Conjunctivitis of the eye Infantile colic or baby colic Sudden infant death syndrome Which nursing actions are appropriate when assessing a client’s growth? Select all that apply. Assessing weight Measuring height Comparing data to norms Monitoring blood pressure Documenting actual words in quotes The parents inform the nurse that their child often engages in ‘doctor play’ with other kids, with an aim to learn more about the sexual organs. The parents have often expressed their disapproval to the child, but it has no effect on the child’s behavior. What does the nurse suggest to the parents? "Offer a reward for not engaging in such activities." "Encourage the child to engage in some sports activity." "Tell the child it is dangerous to engage in such activities." "Tell the child to talk with you about any questions related to sexuality." The nurse observes dental caries in an 8-month-old infant. Which action of the parents is likely responsible for this condition? Giving the infant canned fruit Giving the infant fruit juice in a bottle Giving the infant 960 mL of milk daily Giving the infant cheese as a finger food The parents inform the nurse that their school-age child frequently plays in hazardous places. However, the parents find it difficult to restrain the child from engaging in such activities. Which instruction is a priority in this case? "Always accompany the child everywhere." "Avoid giving any sports equipment to the child." "Ensure the child has eye, ear, or mouth protection." "Avoid outdoor games and invite the child’s friends to your home." An adolescent who has had type 1 diabetes for 5 years stops adhering to the therapeutic regimen. In light of the client’s developmental level, what does the nurse conclude that the behavior is a reflection of? Need for attention Struggle for identity Denial of the diabetes Regression related to the illness Which physical growth parameters will the nurse assess during a scheduled health maintenance visit for a 24-month-old toddler age child? Select all that apply. Height Length Weight Head circumference Blood pressure Which statement m