PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 Module 3 Exam

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 Module 3 Exam Question 1 5 / 5 pts Short answer Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. Your Answer: Diagnosing is made by history, physical, and serological findings. Since some blood tests are more generic, results can be imprecise. Markers can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.Criteria for diagnosis: Evidence of an autoimmune reaction, immunological findings are not second to other conditions, and no other causes are found. There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn’t perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases. Question 2 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen? Innate immunity Correct! Adaptive immunity Autoimmunity Active immunity Question 3 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: What allows the lymphocyte to differentiate between self and foreign molecules? Antigen presenting cells Regulatory cells Correct! Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule Effector cells Question 4 0 / 3 pts T lymphocytes produce what type of immunity? Your Answer: Adaptive immunity Cell-mediated Question 5 2 / 2 pts Multiple Choice: Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus? IgM IgA Correct! IgG IgD IgE Question 6 2 / 2 pts Multiple Choice: Which cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body? Lymphocytes Eosinophils Basophils Correct! Neutrophils Question 7 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which is NOT a finding consistent with Graves’ disease? Exophthalmos Correct! Hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism Goiter Corneal ulceration Question 8 10 / 10 pts A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? Your Answer: 1) shortness of breath, skin redness/hives , abdominal cramping 2) quantity of the exposure does NOT play role on how severe the reaction can be 3) elimination of the food and EpiPen (epiniphereine) 4) carry 2 EpiPens (1) Any of the following reactions are accepted. Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema. Grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, and GI manifestations, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping from mucosal edema. Grade III: bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac collapse. Grade IV: cardiac arrest (2) No (3) Epinephrine (4) identification about allergy, EpiPen Question 9 3.5 / 3.5 pts True/False: Following a heart attack, the area of heart muscle that has undergone necrosis because of lack of blood supply will heal by scar tissue replacement. Correct! True False Question 10 3 / 3 pts Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a classic manifestation of acute inflammation with its corresponding cause? Rubor – vasodilation Correct! Dolor – inflammatory cells infiltrating sensory nerves In acute inflammation, dolor (pain) is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in tissues and by chemical mediators. Calor – increased blood flow Tumor – exudation of fluid and cells into extravascular tissues Question 11 3.5 / 3.5 pts True/False: Lymphocytes are categorized as either granulocytes or agranulocytes. True Correct! False false, leukocytes Question 12 3 / 3 pts True/False: Passive immunity is achieved through immunization. True Correct! False false, active immunity Question 13 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: B lymphocytes normally produce antibodies against host tissues. True Correct! False Question 14 3.5 / 3.5 pts Antibodies are also known as ? Your Answer: immunoglobulins immunoglobulins Question 15 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions can be treated with the administration of epinephrine? Correct! Type I Type II Type III Type IV Question 16 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which cell is NOT part of the adaptive immune response? Correct! Monocytes Lymphocytes Antigen presenting cells Effector cells Question 17 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: The body’s ability to distinguish self from nonself is termed what? Autoantibodies Positive selection Correct! Self-tolerance Anergy Question 18 5 / 5 pts Short answer: What are autoantibodies? Your Answer: In autoimmune diseases, the immune sustem loses its ability to recognize self and produces autoantibodies, which act against host tissues Answer: In many autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses its ability to recognize self and produces what is called autoantibodies, which act against host tissues. Question 19 10 / 10 pts Short answer A 40-year-old man presents with cough and shortness of breath. After an H&P and chest films, it is determined he has pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The provider does an HIV test, which is positive. Upon further testing, the man’s CD4+ cell count is 100 cells/µL and his viral load is 250,000 copies/mL. (1) Why did the provider do an HIV test after the man was diagnosed with PCP? (2) What classification does this man fall into based on his CD4+ count and symptomatology, and why? Your Answer: 1) PCP is a lung infection that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with HIV. It is listed as an opportunistic infection. 2) Overt AIDS. Patient's CD4+ cell count is below 200 cells/uL. Patient also presented with an AIDSdefining illness, such as PCP. (1) Opportunistic infections are those common organisms that do not produce infection without impaired immune function. (2) The last phase, or AIDS illness, occurs when the CD4+ cell count falls to less than 200 cells/µL or exhibits an AIDS-defining illness. The risk of opportunistic infections and death increases significantly when the CD4+ cell count falls below 200 cells/µL. Question 20 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which process is NOT included in wound healing? Inflammatory Proliferative Correct! Acute-phase response Remodeling Question 21 3.5 / 3.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which of the following cells is a permanent cell? Epidermal cell Hepatocyte Intestinal mucosal cell Correct! Neuron Renal tubular cell Question 22 3.5 / 3.5 pts Fill in the blank As the CD4 T cell count decreases, the body becomes susceptible to . Your Answer: opportunistic infections Answer: opportunistic infections Question 23 3.5 / 3.5 pts The term to describe the time when an infected person’s blood converts from being negative for HIV antibodies to being positive is called what? Your Answer: Seroconversion Answer: seroconversion Question 24 3.5 / 3.5 pts True/False: A person with HIV is not infectious when they are asymptomatic. True Correct! False Question 25 2.5 / 2.5 pts True/False: The T cells that display the host’s MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed positive selection. Correct! True False Question 26 0 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: The process of leukocyte accumulation in the cellular phase of acute inflammation is called what?You Answered Adhesion Transmigrati on Chemotaxis Correct Answer Marginati on Question 27 2.5 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice: Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? Neutroph ils Eosinoph ils Basoph ils Correct ! Lymphocytes