Psych Final Exam Study Guide (1) ALL SOLUTION SOLVED FALL-2022 LATEST EDITION GUARANTEED 100% CORRECT AID GRADE A+

The final exam has 75 questions and focuses almost exclusively on the second half of the class, with the exception of the theorists. SUBSTANCE ABUSE: (12-15 questions) What is Addiction? Addiction is A Brain Disease - Characterized by: o Compulsive and impulsive Behavior o Continued abuse of drugs despite negative consequences o Persistent changes in the brain’s structure and function - Reward Pathway Concepts of abuse, dependency and tolerance - Dependence: o Repeated use of a substance, with or without physical dependence o Physical dependence indicates an altered physiologic state caused by repeated administration of a substance o Cessation causes a specific syndrome ▪ Cocaine  no physiological dependence, no withdrawal symptoms. - Codependence: o Refers to family members, significant others affected by or influencing the behavior of the substance abuser o Facilitates the abuser’s addictive behaviors ▪ Denial ▪ Providing money, drugs - Tolerance: o Tolerance is the phenomenon in which, after repeated administration, a given dose of drug produces a decreased effect or increasingly larger doses must be administered to obtain the desired effect o Cross-tolerance ability of one drug to be substituted for another ▪ Benzos and alcohol, heroin and dilaudid, alcohol and anesthesia. - Denial o Denial is an integral part of substance dependence o Fuels the addiction o Minimizes problem - Substance Use Disorder o Pathological pattern of behaviors related to the use of a substance o Underlying change in brain circuits causing ▪ Repeated relapses ▪ Intense drug craving o Occur in a broad range of severity from mild to severe o Substance interferes with an individual’s ability to fulfill role obligations o Individual would like to cut down or control use but cannot o Excessive amount of time spent procuring the substance or recovering from effects o Addiction: tolerance develops and increased amounts are necessary o Intoxication: Development of a reversible substance-specific syndrome due to the ingestion of a substance o Withdrawal: Occurs upon abrupt reduction or discontinuation of a substance Classes of Psychoactive Substances o Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Opioids, Sedative-hypnotics, Stimulants, Tobacco - Predisposing factors o Genetics o Biochemical o Developmental influences o Personality factors o Social learning o Conditioning o Cultural and ethnic influences Alcohol use disorder symptoms, treatment of withdrawal, medications used. Alcohol- Related Disorders - Alcohol Use Disorder o Problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress o Cluster of behavioral and physical symptoms which include ▪ Withdrawal (develops 4-12 hours after reduction of intake) ▪ Tolerance ▪ Craving o Variable course periods of remission and relapse o First episode of intoxication likely to occur in mid-teens o Most people develop disorder before 40 o 10% have later onset o Genetic Factors ▪ Alcohol use disorders run in families ▪ Rates 3-4 times higher in close relatives ▪ 4-fold increased risk in children ▪ Low risk phenotypes o Psychological factors ▪ Theories relate to the use of alcohol • To reduce tension • Increase feelings of power • Decrease effects of psychological pain • Decreases feelings of anxiety • Helps to cope with stress o Socio-cultural Factors ▪ Social learning ▪ Effects of modeling, imitation, identification ▪ Factors within the individual’s culture help to establish patterns of use o Physiological Effects: ▪ Alcohol induces a general, nonselective reversible depression of the CNS ▪ 20% of a single dose of alcohol is absorbed immediately into the bloodstream ▪ Blood carries it directly to the brain’s central control areas ▪ Moments after it is consumed it can be found in all tissues, organs and secretions of the body ▪ Absorption is influenced by food, rate of drinking, type of alcohol ▪ Chronic abuse results in multi-system impairments - Alcohol Related Pathologies o Peripheral Neuropathy ▪ Peripheral nerve damage ▪ Result of deficiencies in B vitamins particularly Thiamine ▪ Result of poor nutrition ▪ Toxic effects of alcohol result in mal-absorption of nutrients ▪ Process reversible with abstinence o Alcoholic Myopathy ▪ Acute or chronic ▪ Muscle pain, swelling, weakness ▪ Reddish tinge in urine caused by myoglobin break down ▪ Lab studies show elevated CPK, LDH, AST ▪ Thought to be a result of vitamin B deficiency ▪ Improvement with abstinence and nutrition and vitamin supplements (Thiamine) o Wernicke’s Encephalopathy ▪ Most serious thiamine deficiency in alcoholics ▪ Symptoms paralysis of ocular muscles, diplopia, ataxia, somnolence, stupor ▪ Thiamine replacement therapy necessary to avoid death o Korsakoff’s Psychosis ▪ Confusion, recent memory loss and confabulation ▪ Usually encountered in individuals recovering from Wernicke’s ▪ Treatment is parenteral or oral thiamine replacement o Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy ▪ Alcohol causes an accumulation of lipids in the myocardial cells ▪ Results in enlargement, CHF, arrhythmia ▪ Symptoms: decreased exercise tolerance, tachycardia, dyspnea, edema, palpitations, non-productive cough ▪ Labs show an elevation in CPK, AST, ALT, LDH ▪ Treatment is abstinence o Esophagitis inflammation and pain in the esophagus, result of frequent vomiting o Gastritis: alcohol breaks down the stomach’s protective mucosal barrier o Pancreatitis o Alcoholic Hepatitis ▪ Cirrhosis ▪ Hepatic encephalopathy - Alcohol and Pregnancy o Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders o Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most serious