PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE
Samenvatting H1 - 12
Ellen De Meestere
,Psychopathologie
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: introductie:....................................................................................................5
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................5
Hoe noemen en definiëren we afwijkend gedrag?........................................................................6
Criteria voor abnormaliteit:.............................................................................................................................6
Culturele aspecten van afwijkend gedrag.......................................................................................................6
Historische visies op afwijkend gedrag..........................................................................................7
Hippocrates (ca 400 v.C.).................................................................................................................................7
Arabische psychiatrie.......................................................................................................................................7
Exorcisme & heksenvervolging in Europa (330 – 1500 n.C.)...........................................................................7
Trepanatie........................................................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: Visies op oorzaak en gevolg van psychische stoornissen en
behandelingsmethoden....................................................................................................10
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................10
Verklarende perspectieven voor (afwijkende) emoties, gedachten en gedragingen:...................10
Het psychologische perspectief...................................................................................................10
Psychodynamische modellen........................................................................................................................10
Leermodellen.................................................................................................................................................13
Cognitieve modellen......................................................................................................................................14
Humanistische modellen...............................................................................................................................15
Sociaal-culturele perspectief.......................................................................................................16
Biopsychosociaal perspectief.......................................................................................................16
Diathese-stressmodel....................................................................................................................................17
Evaluatie van het biopsychosociaal perspectief............................................................................................17
Psychotherapie............................................................................................................................17
Effectiviteit psychotherapie?.........................................................................................................................19
Biologisch georiënteerde therapieën...........................................................................................19
Medicatie – psychofarmacologie...................................................................................................................19
Andere biologische interventies....................................................................................................................21
Hoofdstuk 3: Classificatie en beoordeling van afwijkende G-G-G.......................................22
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................22
Classificatie van afwijkende gedragspatronen.............................................................................22
De DSM: systematiek, werkwijze en taalgebruik..........................................................................................23
Kenmerken DSM.........................................................................................................................23
Evaluatie van het DSM systeem....................................................................................................................24
Voor en nadelen van DMS 5..........................................................................................................................25
Beoordelingsmethoden...............................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 4: Stressgerelateerde stoornissen.....................................................................26
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................26
Stress en gezondheid...................................................................................................................26
1
, Psychiatrische factoren die stress verlichten:...............................................................................................26
Aanpassingsstoornis....................................................................................................................27
Acute stress-stoornis.....................................................................................................................................27
Posttraumatische-stressstoornis (PTSS)........................................................................................................27
Persisterende maladaptieve reacties............................................................................................................28
PTSS criteria volgends DSM 5:.......................................................................................................................28
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................29
Hoofdstuk 5: Angststoornissen en obsessieve- compulsieve stoornis.................................30
Angst...........................................................................................................................................30
Angst: breed scala aan symptomen..............................................................................................................30
Paniekaanval...............................................................................................................................30
Paniekstoornis.............................................................................................................................31
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................31
Cognitief- biologisch model paniekstoornis..................................................................................................32
Fobische stoornissen...................................................................................................................32
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................33
Multifactor model fobieën............................................................................................................................34
Obsessieve- compulsieve stoornissen en aanverwante stoornissen............................................35
Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis..................................................................................................................35
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................35
Morfodysfore stoornis...................................................................................................................................36
Verzamelstoornis...........................................................................................................................................36
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis..................................................................................................36
Theoretische perespectieven........................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 6: Dissociatieve, somatische-symptoomstoornis en verwante stoornissen........38
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve stoornissen............................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis (DIS)...........................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve amnesie....................................................................................................................................39
Depersonalisatie/ derealisatiestoornis..........................................................................................................40
Cultuurgebonden dissociatieve syndromen..................................................................................................40
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................41
Somatische-symptoom stoornis en verwante stoornissen..........................................................41
Somatisch-symptoomstoornis.......................................................................................................................42
Ziekteangststoornis.......................................................................................................................................42
Conversiestoornis..........................................................................................................................................43
Nagebootste stoornis....................................................................................................................................43
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................43
Hoofdstuk 7: Stemmingsstoornissen.................................................................................45
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................45
Types stemmingsstoornissen.......................................................................................................45
Depressieve stoornis......................................................................................................................................46
Persisterende depressieve stoornis (dysthymie)..........................................................................................50
Premenstruele stemmingsstoornis................................................................................................................50
Bipolaire stoornis...........................................................................................................................................50
Cyclothyme stoornis......................................................................................................................................51
Theoretische perspectieven........................................................................................................53
2
, Stress & stemmingsstoornissen.....................................................................................................................53
Diathese-stressmodel van depressie.............................................................................................................54
Biologische factoren......................................................................................................................................54
Biochemische factoren..................................................................................................................................54
Psychodynamische theorieën........................................................................................................................55
Humanistische theorieën...............................................................................................................................55
Leertheorieën................................................................................................................................................55
Cognitieve theorieën.....................................................................................................................................56
Zelfmoord....................................................................................................................................57
Mythen vs feiten rond zelfdoding.................................................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 8: Middelgerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen.............................................59
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................59
Waar eindigt gebruik en start misbruik?.......................................................................................................59
Drugs..............................................................................................................................................................59
Middelgerelateerde stoornissen..................................................................................................60
Stoornissen door middel teweeggebracht...................................................................................60
Verslavingsstoornissen of stoornissen in het gebruik..................................................................61
Nieuw in DSM 5.............................................................................................................................................62
Waar eindigd gebruik en begint misbruik.....................................................................................................62
Verslavende middelen.................................................................................................................64
Dempende middelen.....................................................................................................................................64
Stimulantia.....................................................................................................................................................65
Hallucinogene middelen................................................................................................................................66
Verslaving: theoretische perspectieven.......................................................................................67
Leerperspectieven.........................................................................................................................................67
Cognitieve perspectieven..............................................................................................................................68
Psychodynamische perspectieven.................................................................................................................68
Sociaal culturele perspectieven.....................................................................................................................68
Obverzicht van aandoeningen gerelateerd aan druggebruik.......................................................68
Hoofdstuk 9: Eetstoornissen en obesitas...........................................................................70
Inleiding en kenmerken...............................................................................................................70
Prevalentie.....................................................................................................................................................70
Anorexia nervosa........................................................................................................................70
Boulimia nervosa.........................................................................................................................71
Oorzaken anorexia en boulimia nervosa.......................................................................................................72
Binge eating disorder..................................................................................................................73
Obesitas......................................................................................................................................73
Oorzaken obesiatas.......................................................................................................................................74
Hoofdstuk 11: Schizofreniespectrum- en andere psychotische stoornissen.........................75
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................75
Schizofrenie.................................................................................................................................75
Wijze van ontstaan........................................................................................................................................75
Prevalentie.....................................................................................................................................................76
Diagnostische criteria....................................................................................................................................76
Waarnemingsstoornissen..............................................................................................................................79
Emotionele stoornissen.................................................................................................................................79
3
Samenvatting H1 - 12
Ellen De Meestere
,Psychopathologie
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: introductie:....................................................................................................5
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................5
Hoe noemen en definiëren we afwijkend gedrag?........................................................................6
Criteria voor abnormaliteit:.............................................................................................................................6
Culturele aspecten van afwijkend gedrag.......................................................................................................6
Historische visies op afwijkend gedrag..........................................................................................7
Hippocrates (ca 400 v.C.).................................................................................................................................7
Arabische psychiatrie.......................................................................................................................................7
Exorcisme & heksenvervolging in Europa (330 – 1500 n.C.)...........................................................................7
Trepanatie........................................................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2: Visies op oorzaak en gevolg van psychische stoornissen en
behandelingsmethoden....................................................................................................10
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................10
Verklarende perspectieven voor (afwijkende) emoties, gedachten en gedragingen:...................10
Het psychologische perspectief...................................................................................................10
Psychodynamische modellen........................................................................................................................10
Leermodellen.................................................................................................................................................13
Cognitieve modellen......................................................................................................................................14
Humanistische modellen...............................................................................................................................15
Sociaal-culturele perspectief.......................................................................................................16
Biopsychosociaal perspectief.......................................................................................................16
Diathese-stressmodel....................................................................................................................................17
Evaluatie van het biopsychosociaal perspectief............................................................................................17
Psychotherapie............................................................................................................................17
Effectiviteit psychotherapie?.........................................................................................................................19
Biologisch georiënteerde therapieën...........................................................................................19
Medicatie – psychofarmacologie...................................................................................................................19
Andere biologische interventies....................................................................................................................21
Hoofdstuk 3: Classificatie en beoordeling van afwijkende G-G-G.......................................22
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................22
Classificatie van afwijkende gedragspatronen.............................................................................22
De DSM: systematiek, werkwijze en taalgebruik..........................................................................................23
Kenmerken DSM.........................................................................................................................23
Evaluatie van het DSM systeem....................................................................................................................24
Voor en nadelen van DMS 5..........................................................................................................................25
Beoordelingsmethoden...............................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 4: Stressgerelateerde stoornissen.....................................................................26
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................26
Stress en gezondheid...................................................................................................................26
1
, Psychiatrische factoren die stress verlichten:...............................................................................................26
Aanpassingsstoornis....................................................................................................................27
Acute stress-stoornis.....................................................................................................................................27
Posttraumatische-stressstoornis (PTSS)........................................................................................................27
Persisterende maladaptieve reacties............................................................................................................28
PTSS criteria volgends DSM 5:.......................................................................................................................28
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................29
Hoofdstuk 5: Angststoornissen en obsessieve- compulsieve stoornis.................................30
Angst...........................................................................................................................................30
Angst: breed scala aan symptomen..............................................................................................................30
Paniekaanval...............................................................................................................................30
Paniekstoornis.............................................................................................................................31
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................31
Cognitief- biologisch model paniekstoornis..................................................................................................32
Fobische stoornissen...................................................................................................................32
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................33
Multifactor model fobieën............................................................................................................................34
Obsessieve- compulsieve stoornissen en aanverwante stoornissen............................................35
Obsessieve-compulsieve stoornis..................................................................................................................35
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................35
Morfodysfore stoornis...................................................................................................................................36
Verzamelstoornis...........................................................................................................................................36
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis..................................................................................................36
Theoretische perespectieven........................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 6: Dissociatieve, somatische-symptoomstoornis en verwante stoornissen........38
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve stoornissen............................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis (DIS)...........................................................................................................38
Dissociatieve amnesie....................................................................................................................................39
Depersonalisatie/ derealisatiestoornis..........................................................................................................40
Cultuurgebonden dissociatieve syndromen..................................................................................................40
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................41
Somatische-symptoom stoornis en verwante stoornissen..........................................................41
Somatisch-symptoomstoornis.......................................................................................................................42
Ziekteangststoornis.......................................................................................................................................42
Conversiestoornis..........................................................................................................................................43
Nagebootste stoornis....................................................................................................................................43
Theoretische perspectieven..........................................................................................................................43
Hoofdstuk 7: Stemmingsstoornissen.................................................................................45
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................45
Types stemmingsstoornissen.......................................................................................................45
Depressieve stoornis......................................................................................................................................46
Persisterende depressieve stoornis (dysthymie)..........................................................................................50
Premenstruele stemmingsstoornis................................................................................................................50
Bipolaire stoornis...........................................................................................................................................50
Cyclothyme stoornis......................................................................................................................................51
Theoretische perspectieven........................................................................................................53
2
, Stress & stemmingsstoornissen.....................................................................................................................53
Diathese-stressmodel van depressie.............................................................................................................54
Biologische factoren......................................................................................................................................54
Biochemische factoren..................................................................................................................................54
Psychodynamische theorieën........................................................................................................................55
Humanistische theorieën...............................................................................................................................55
Leertheorieën................................................................................................................................................55
Cognitieve theorieën.....................................................................................................................................56
Zelfmoord....................................................................................................................................57
Mythen vs feiten rond zelfdoding.................................................................................................................58
Hoofdstuk 8: Middelgerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen.............................................59
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................59
Waar eindigt gebruik en start misbruik?.......................................................................................................59
Drugs..............................................................................................................................................................59
Middelgerelateerde stoornissen..................................................................................................60
Stoornissen door middel teweeggebracht...................................................................................60
Verslavingsstoornissen of stoornissen in het gebruik..................................................................61
Nieuw in DSM 5.............................................................................................................................................62
Waar eindigd gebruik en begint misbruik.....................................................................................................62
Verslavende middelen.................................................................................................................64
Dempende middelen.....................................................................................................................................64
Stimulantia.....................................................................................................................................................65
Hallucinogene middelen................................................................................................................................66
Verslaving: theoretische perspectieven.......................................................................................67
Leerperspectieven.........................................................................................................................................67
Cognitieve perspectieven..............................................................................................................................68
Psychodynamische perspectieven.................................................................................................................68
Sociaal culturele perspectieven.....................................................................................................................68
Obverzicht van aandoeningen gerelateerd aan druggebruik.......................................................68
Hoofdstuk 9: Eetstoornissen en obesitas...........................................................................70
Inleiding en kenmerken...............................................................................................................70
Prevalentie.....................................................................................................................................................70
Anorexia nervosa........................................................................................................................70
Boulimia nervosa.........................................................................................................................71
Oorzaken anorexia en boulimia nervosa.......................................................................................................72
Binge eating disorder..................................................................................................................73
Obesitas......................................................................................................................................73
Oorzaken obesiatas.......................................................................................................................................74
Hoofdstuk 11: Schizofreniespectrum- en andere psychotische stoornissen.........................75
Inleiding......................................................................................................................................75
Schizofrenie.................................................................................................................................75
Wijze van ontstaan........................................................................................................................................75
Prevalentie.....................................................................................................................................................76
Diagnostische criteria....................................................................................................................................76
Waarnemingsstoornissen..............................................................................................................................79
Emotionele stoornissen.................................................................................................................................79
3
