Summary TRL3704 – Exam Preparation 2021.

TRL3704 – Exam Prep 2021. Sea Transport. Sea Transport System mainly consists of: o Ships: Mobile units performing basic transport function i.e. moving goods/people from origin to destination o Ports with docks & handling facilities: fixed units performing transfer functions o Shipping/ Nautical Support Systems to ensure efective operation of shipping e.g. navigation, communication, weather o Influenced by demand, Constraints & Control on national/international scale e.g. environmental protection, safety regulat. 1.2 NUMBER & CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS TB p1 - Classify ships by their specialist function e.g. tankers, general cargo, container, but also by how they are operated. - Two basic modes of operation: see also 2015-S1-Assign.2 for more info - Distinguish between distance ships travel:  Short e.g. coasters / home traders / short sea traders  Farther afield e.g. foreign-going ships 1.3 DESIGN & CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES 1.4 Ships are designed by naval architects, who are bound by various constraints. E.g. cost of diferent designs, technical possibilities, cargo likely to be carried, ports, environment safety. - Planning made more difficult in that designing, ordering & building a ship may take 2 / 3yrs & its expected working life is in the region of 15 to 20 years  much change can occur. - Ship-owners have own preferences & style while ship must still be efficiently designed. - Soundly built  certificate from independent body as to quality of design & construction may convince insurance underwriter/financer/customer of ship's seaworthiness & capability to render safe service - Such independent bodies = "Classification Societies" - They are not shipping organisations but have major impact on shipping & related functions e.g. ship architecture - Classification is voluntary but few ship-owners would/could operate without it - Build vessel under scrutiny of the society’s surveyors  strength & construction must satisfy society’s rules. - Vessel (& parts) must undergo regular periodical surveys to maintain class  more rigorous as vessel ages - One class for all types of ocean-going vessel = 100 A1; 4 classes of ice-strengthening - Numerous societies, oldest being Lloyds Register, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) - When started, register was known as 'green book'  for the exclusive use of underwriters - 1834 reconstituted 2 registers to form independent society  starting definite system of classification - Lloyd’s register includes all ships over 100 tons gross, classed /not  referred to as the shipping man’s bible. - Digital Register of Ships contains also ships on order, marine-related companies, ports, maritime atlas Liner Runs on a regular line between ports Regular schedule of sailing Agreed list of tarifs/prices Tramp Go anywhere with anything Ship chartered/hired out at best price owner can obtain 3 rd Option Entities with a lot of cargo to move operate their own ships E.g. Oil Companies Ship Tons (Weight) Loaded Displacement Light Displacement Deadweight (Capacity) Gross Tonnage Net Tonnage T R L 3 7 0 4 | Summary C o m p i l e d by S t u d e nt s : A cc u r a c y o f t h i s D o c u m e nt i s n o t e n s u r e d P a g e | 5 1.6 TONNAGE TB p15-22 [SEQ & LO] Discuss ship tonnage in detail - Ton: barrel holding 252 gallons of wine  ‘ton’ in shipping can denote both weight & capacity 1.6.1 SHIP TONNAGE - Loaded displacement tonnage: actual weight of ship & cargo. - Light displacement tonnage: actual weight of the ship. - Deadweight tonnage (DWT): Diference between loaded & light displacement is weight ship can actually carry. - Gross tonnage (GT): a measure of total enclosed volume of the ship in cubic metres multiplied by a constant - Net/Register tonnage (NT): total enclosed volume available for cargo in cubic metres multiplied by a constant. 1.5 - Displacement tonnage has little or no commercial use. - Tanker size usually expressed in deadweight tonnage - Transporting liquids: Convenient to charge for ton weight carried because o it's relatively heavy cargo, o volume of 250,000 tons of oil can appreciably change with, say, a 10-degree variation in temperature. - General-cargo ships: usually full before down to their marks  ship-owner concerned with selling space is more interested in ship's volume than the weight it can carry. - Before 'universal tonnage' measurement 1982 definitions of measurement tonnage was detailed & complex - Diferent rules for making these measurements where used by diferent counties 1.6.2 BRIEF HISTORY - Chinese first to levy tax on ship tonnage followed by Henry V - Many variations on how to estimate appeared - "tons burthen" considered a crude estimate of deadweight - Tonnages are independent of ship's nationality & no longer need to be linked to the ship's registration - When initially measured, ships are issued an International Tonnage Certificate (1969) Figure 1.9 Ship Tonnage Cargo Tons (Carrying Capacity) Long Short Metric Measurement T R L 3 7 0 4 | Summary C o m p i l e d by S t u d e nt s : A cc u r a c y o f t h i s D o c u m e nt i s n o t e n s u r e d P a g e | 6 1.6 1.6.3 DEFINITIONS 1.7 Gross Tonnage 1.8 GT = K1V 1.9 V: Total vol. of all enclosed spaces in m2 1.10 Multiplier 1.11 K1 = 02. + 0.02log10V 1.12 1.13 Net Tonnage 1.14 NT = K2Vc ( 4 3 x d D ) 2 1.15 Vc: Volume of cargo spaces in m2 d: summer draft of ship D: Depth of the ship 1.16 Multiplier 1.17 K2 = 0.2 + 0.02log10Vc 1.18 1.19 - Smaller draft is in relation to Depth  smaller NT will be  benefit ship-owner who can declare small d if he is knowingly going to carry light bulky cargo - Multipliers K1 & K2: ensure new tonnages are numerically similar to previous tonnage - Unlike GT & NT, grain space & bale space give actual volumes available for cargo: o Grain Space: space available for liquid-type cargo, like grain, which can flow into every corner o Bale Space: space available for solid cargo 1.6.4 PARAGRAPH SHIPS - Ships built to take advantage of limiting govt. regulations derived from vessel's tonnage e.g. manning, safety appliances - Usually of small coasting/short sea trade variety, though Aframax could also be considered