NURS 3365 BB ASSIGNMENT 3 answers and rationaleS

Questions 1-3 refer to this scenario: A man presents to an ER with a large laceration sustained at a construction site a few hours before. The area around the laceration is erythematous, painful, and swollen. 1. The erythema and swelling can be explained at a cellular level by all the following EXCEPT a. mast cell degranulation and release of histamine. True (see concept map) b. pro-inflammatory prostaglandins released. True c. increased vasomotor tone (tightening) of the capillaries in the area. False statement, so this is the CORRECT answer. Any inflammatory response involves some degree of DECREASED vasomotor tone—ie, capillaries in the area must VASODILATE (relax, have less tone) in order for substances to “ooze out”-- leak out of the blood to go “help” healing in the tissue. So usually we equate “dilation and leakage” with inflammation. This is why you often see swelling with inflammation—the swelling is caused by the dilated blood vessels and accumulation of leakage. d. local reaction to acute phase reactants. True 2. The patient is given a TIG (tetanus immunoglobulin) injection because the wound is high risk for tetanus exposure and he doesn’t remember ever having a tetanus vaccination. The purpose of the TIG is to a. prevent any tetanus bacteria from activating the inflammatory system. Wrong—inflammation will be activated as soon as any cell in the body is irritated and/or injured. Giving antibodies (immunoglobulins)– the “IG” in TIG—doesn’t prevent inflammation. b. introduce tetanus bacteria so that the immunocyte system can create antibodies to tetanus. Wrong—TIG is antibodies, not the microbe itself. c. give the patient natural active acquired immunity. Wrong—the word “natural” implies that a person contracted tetanus (HAD the disease) and created their own antibodies as a result of the active disease. d. provide tetanus antibodies to fight any tetanus bacteria that might be present. CORRECT —just in case this person’s body was invaded by a tetanus bacteria, giving them antibodies NOW will help them fight the microbe NOW. This is called conferring artificial passive acquired immunity. 3. The patient (should or should not) be instructed to also get a tetanus vaccination, because . a. should: he needs protection against future tetanus exposure. CORRECT : passive immunity (when you DON’T make the antibodies in your own body, but are given them) is very short-lived. The antibodies that are GIVEN to you, that you DON’T create on your own, will disintegrate within a few weeks. So you WILL need a vaccination, which confers artificial ACTIVE immunity— having a weak tetanus injected in you will make you create your OWN antibodies, which are long-lived. b. should: the vaccination will provide additional passive immunity. Wrong—see above (vaccination and PASSIVE shouldn’t be in the same sentence; vACcination = ACtive) c. should not: the TIG is enough, as it will provide long term active acquired immunity Wrong—see above d. should not: the vaccine will do nothing for the current exposure. Wrong—see above. Look at this answer closely. The last part is true. A vaccination WILL NOT help a person RIGHT NOW, because creating your antibodies takes time. But the question asked should he go ahead and get a vaccination? Yes, he should. No, it won’t help him NOW, but it will help him if he ever gets a tetanus microbe inside his body in the future—his antibodies can THEN kill the microbe swiftly. 4. A microbe invades the body for the first time. Which statement is most likely about the processes that follow? a. Plasma cells (a type of B-lymphocyte) will immediately secrete T-cells specific to that microbe. Wrong. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, not T-cells. b. CD4 cells will introduce remnants of the microbe to the plasma cells, which directly phagocytize the remnants. Wrong— plasma cells are not phagocytes. They are a form of B lymphocyte. c. Antigens will be created from the memory cells of immunocytes. Wrong—doesn’t make sense. Don’t