Unit 14: Applications of Organic Chemistry
Learning aim C: Understand types, structures, reactions, uses and properties of isomers.
Assignment title Designing molecules
P4 - Explain the different types of structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.
What are isomers?
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms
in space. That excludes any different arrangements which are simply due to the molecule rotating as a whole
or rotating about particular bonds.
For example, both of the following are the same molecule. They are not isomers. Both are butane.
There are also endless other possible ways that this molecule could twist itself. There is completely free
rotation around all the carbon-carbon single bonds.
If you had a model of a molecule in front of you, you would have to take it to pieces and rebuild it if you
wanted to make an isomer of that molecule. If you can make an apparently different molecule just by
rotating single bonds, it's not different - it's still the same molecule.
What are structural isomers?
In structural isomerism, the atoms are arranged in a completely different order. This is easier to see with
specific examples.
What follows looks at some of the ways that structural isomers can arise. The names of the various forms of
structural isomerism probably don't matter all that much, but you must be aware of the different possibilities
when you come to draw isomers.
Types of structural isomerism
Chain isomerism
These isomers arise because of the possibility of branching in carbon chains. For example, there are two
isomers of butane, C4H10. In one of them, the carbon atoms lie in a "straight chain" whereas in the other the
chain is branched.
Be careful not to draw "false" isomers which are just twisted versions of the original molecule. For example,
this structure is just the straight chain version of butane rotated about the central carbon-carbon bond.
You could easily see this with a model. ====
,Pentane, C5H12, has three chain isomers. If you think you can find any others, they are simply twisted
versions of the ones below. If in doubt make some models.
Position isomerism –
In position isomerism, the basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged, but important groups are moved
around on that skeleton.
For example, there are two structural isomers with the molecular formula C3H7Br. In one of them the
bromine atom is on the end of the chain, whereas in the other it's attached in the middle.
If you made a model, there is no way that you could twist one molecule to turn it into the other one. You
would have to break the bromine off the end and re-attach it in the middle. At the same time, you would
have to move a hydrogen from the middle to the end.
Another similar example occurs in alcohols such as C4H9OH
These are the only two possibilities provided you keep to a four carbon chain, but there is no reason why
you should do that. You can easily have a mixture of chain isomerism and position isomerism - you aren't
restricted to one or the other.
So two other isomers of butanol are:
, You can also get position isomers on benzene rings. Consider the molecular formula C7H7Cl. There are four
different isomers you could make depending on the position of the chlorine atom. In one case it is attached
to the side-group carbon atom, and then there are three other possible positions it could have around the ring
- next to the CH3 group, next-but-one to the CH3 group, or opposite the CH3 group.
Functional group isomerism –
In this variety of structural isomerism, the isomers contain different functional groups - that is, they belong
to different families of compounds (different homologous series).
For example, a molecular formula C3H6O could be either propanal (an aldehyde) or propanone (a ketone).
There are other possibilities as well for this same molecular formula - for example, you could have a carbon-
carbon double bond (an alkene) and an -OH group (an alcohol) in the same molecule.
Another common example is illustrated by the molecular formula C3H6O2. Amongst the several structural
isomers of this are propanoic acid (a carboxylic acid) and methyl ethanoate (an ester).
Learning aim C: Understand types, structures, reactions, uses and properties of isomers.
Assignment title Designing molecules
P4 - Explain the different types of structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.
What are isomers?
Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms
in space. That excludes any different arrangements which are simply due to the molecule rotating as a whole
or rotating about particular bonds.
For example, both of the following are the same molecule. They are not isomers. Both are butane.
There are also endless other possible ways that this molecule could twist itself. There is completely free
rotation around all the carbon-carbon single bonds.
If you had a model of a molecule in front of you, you would have to take it to pieces and rebuild it if you
wanted to make an isomer of that molecule. If you can make an apparently different molecule just by
rotating single bonds, it's not different - it's still the same molecule.
What are structural isomers?
In structural isomerism, the atoms are arranged in a completely different order. This is easier to see with
specific examples.
What follows looks at some of the ways that structural isomers can arise. The names of the various forms of
structural isomerism probably don't matter all that much, but you must be aware of the different possibilities
when you come to draw isomers.
Types of structural isomerism
Chain isomerism
These isomers arise because of the possibility of branching in carbon chains. For example, there are two
isomers of butane, C4H10. In one of them, the carbon atoms lie in a "straight chain" whereas in the other the
chain is branched.
Be careful not to draw "false" isomers which are just twisted versions of the original molecule. For example,
this structure is just the straight chain version of butane rotated about the central carbon-carbon bond.
You could easily see this with a model. ====
,Pentane, C5H12, has three chain isomers. If you think you can find any others, they are simply twisted
versions of the ones below. If in doubt make some models.
Position isomerism –
In position isomerism, the basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged, but important groups are moved
around on that skeleton.
For example, there are two structural isomers with the molecular formula C3H7Br. In one of them the
bromine atom is on the end of the chain, whereas in the other it's attached in the middle.
If you made a model, there is no way that you could twist one molecule to turn it into the other one. You
would have to break the bromine off the end and re-attach it in the middle. At the same time, you would
have to move a hydrogen from the middle to the end.
Another similar example occurs in alcohols such as C4H9OH
These are the only two possibilities provided you keep to a four carbon chain, but there is no reason why
you should do that. You can easily have a mixture of chain isomerism and position isomerism - you aren't
restricted to one or the other.
So two other isomers of butanol are:
, You can also get position isomers on benzene rings. Consider the molecular formula C7H7Cl. There are four
different isomers you could make depending on the position of the chlorine atom. In one case it is attached
to the side-group carbon atom, and then there are three other possible positions it could have around the ring
- next to the CH3 group, next-but-one to the CH3 group, or opposite the CH3 group.
Functional group isomerism –
In this variety of structural isomerism, the isomers contain different functional groups - that is, they belong
to different families of compounds (different homologous series).
For example, a molecular formula C3H6O could be either propanal (an aldehyde) or propanone (a ketone).
There are other possibilities as well for this same molecular formula - for example, you could have a carbon-
carbon double bond (an alkene) and an -OH group (an alcohol) in the same molecule.
Another common example is illustrated by the molecular formula C3H6O2. Amongst the several structural
isomers of this are propanoic acid (a carboxylic acid) and methyl ethanoate (an ester).
