HVA 121 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Autosomal Dominant Disorders . Answer: Only takes one gene for
disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't.
Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
▶ Marfan Syndrome . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long
extremities, congenital heart defects
▶ Huntington's Disease . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve
cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements
▶ Familial Hypercholesterolemia . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder,
high cholesterol
▶ X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Disorder carried on the x chromosome
▶ Recessive X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Color blindness, more
prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not
color blind only carrier.
▶ Chromosomal Disorder . Answer: not inherited, theres a problem on the
chromosome
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
, ▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
▶ Hydrostatic Pressure . Answer: Push, typically happens at the arterial
level
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
▶ Autosomal Dominant Disorders . Answer: Only takes one gene for
disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't.
Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
▶ Marfan Syndrome . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long
extremities, congenital heart defects
▶ Huntington's Disease . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve
cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements
▶ Familial Hypercholesterolemia . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder,
high cholesterol
▶ X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Disorder carried on the x chromosome
▶ Recessive X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Color blindness, more
prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not
color blind only carrier.
▶ Chromosomal Disorder . Answer: not inherited, theres a problem on the
chromosome
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
, ▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
▶ Hydrostatic Pressure . Answer: Push, typically happens at the arterial
level
▶ Osmotic Pressure . Answer: Pull, typically on the veinous level, wherever
the waste needs to be eliminated from the body
▶ Isotonic Solutions . Answer: Completely balanced solutions, blood, NS
▶ Hypotonic Solutions . Answer: Less solute so its less concentrated, only
a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)
Give this to dehydrated pt
▶ Hypertonic Solutions . Answer: More solute, so its more concentrated,
lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl
Give this to cerebral edema pt
▶ Na+ Normal Range . Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
▶ K+ Normal Range . Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
▶ Cl- Normal Range . Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
▶ Ca2+ Normal Range . Answer: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
▶ Mg2+ Normal Range . Answer: 1.4-2.1 mEq/L
▶ Hyponatremia . Answer: Low sodium due to rapid dehydration
▶ Hypernatremia . Answer: High sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old
person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough
▶ Hypokalemia . Answer: Low potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg
cramping, decreased bowel sounds
