Introduction to psychology
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 the science of psychology...............................................................................1
Chapter 3 sensation and perception...............................................................................2
Chapter 5 Learning......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 6 Memory.......................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 7 How people think............................................................................................ 9
Chapter 8...................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 1 the science of psychology.
The history of psychology.
Behavior includes all of our outward or covert actions and reactions, such as talking, facial
expressions, and movement. The term mental processes refers to all the internal, covert (hidden)
activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
Objective introspection the process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental
activities.
Functionalism early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of
study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. You can find elements of
functionalism in educational-, industrial/organizational- and evolutionary psychology.
Gestalt psychology early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly
the perception of patterns and whole figures.
Psychoanalysis an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of
unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. He
proposed that there is an unconscious (un aware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our
threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created the
nervous disorders in his patients.
behaviorism Pavlov (dogs and conditioning) and Watson (little Albert) the science of behavior that
focuses on observable behavior only. Behaviorism has had a influence on the development of other
perspectives such as cognitive psychology.
Watson believes:’ Freud had stated that a phobia, an irrational fear, is really a symptom of an
underlying, repressed conflict and cannot be “cured” with out years of psychoanalysis to uncover and
understand the repressed material. Watson believed that phobias are learned through the process of
conditioning and set out to prove it.’
Structuralism early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener,
in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind.
Psychology today
1. Psychodynamic perspective; version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the
development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior
other than sexual motivations.
2. Humanistic perspectives; the “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of
personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of
choice.
3. Cognitive perspective; modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory,
intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
, 4. Cognitive neuroscience; study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during
thinking.
5. Sociocultural perspective; perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions,
society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, approach
that examines the impact of social
interactions, community, and culture on a
person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.
6. Biopsychological perspective; Noland
White perspective that attributes human
and animal behavior to biological events
occurring in the body, such as genetic
influences, hormones, and the activity of
the nervous system.
7. Evolutionary perspective; perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental
characteristics that all humans share.
Psychologist: has a doctorate degree, works with animals or humand, must be licensed to practice
independently.
Psychiatrist: medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
psychiatric social worker; has training in area of social work MSW, and often a professional license
LCSW.
Critical thinking; making reasoned judgements about claims.
- There are very few ‘truths’ that do not need to be subjected to testing
- All evidence is not equal
- Authority does not make it true
- Open mind
Scientific approach:
1. Perceiving the question
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis
4. Drawing conclusions
5. Reporting results
Methods of observation:
- Naturalistic observation: observe behavior in their natural circumstances.
- Laboratory observation: observation in a not natural setting.
- Case studies: the individual is studied in detail.
- Survey: the individual has to answer themselves
Correlation technique: the correlation coefficient,
Designing experiment: selection, operalization (the variables (in- & dependent)), groups( experimental
& control).
The placebo effect: the phenomenon in which the participant has an expectation that influences the
behavior.
Experimenter effect: tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study and this has an influence
on the study.
Double blind study: both parties have no expectations.
Chapter 3 sensation and perception
The ABC’s of sensation
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 1 the science of psychology...............................................................................1
Chapter 3 sensation and perception...............................................................................2
Chapter 5 Learning......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 6 Memory.......................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 7 How people think............................................................................................ 9
Chapter 8...................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 1 the science of psychology.
The history of psychology.
Behavior includes all of our outward or covert actions and reactions, such as talking, facial
expressions, and movement. The term mental processes refers to all the internal, covert (hidden)
activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
Objective introspection the process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental
activities.
Functionalism early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of
study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. You can find elements of
functionalism in educational-, industrial/organizational- and evolutionary psychology.
Gestalt psychology early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly
the perception of patterns and whole figures.
Psychoanalysis an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of
unconscious conflicts; Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. He
proposed that there is an unconscious (un aware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our
threatening urges and desires. He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created the
nervous disorders in his patients.
behaviorism Pavlov (dogs and conditioning) and Watson (little Albert) the science of behavior that
focuses on observable behavior only. Behaviorism has had a influence on the development of other
perspectives such as cognitive psychology.
Watson believes:’ Freud had stated that a phobia, an irrational fear, is really a symptom of an
underlying, repressed conflict and cannot be “cured” with out years of psychoanalysis to uncover and
understand the repressed material. Watson believed that phobias are learned through the process of
conditioning and set out to prove it.’
Structuralism early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener,
in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind.
Psychology today
1. Psychodynamic perspective; version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the
development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior
other than sexual motivations.
2. Humanistic perspectives; the “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of
personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of
choice.
3. Cognitive perspective; modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory,
intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
, 4. Cognitive neuroscience; study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during
thinking.
5. Sociocultural perspective; perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions,
society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, approach
that examines the impact of social
interactions, community, and culture on a
person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.
6. Biopsychological perspective; Noland
White perspective that attributes human
and animal behavior to biological events
occurring in the body, such as genetic
influences, hormones, and the activity of
the nervous system.
7. Evolutionary perspective; perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental
characteristics that all humans share.
Psychologist: has a doctorate degree, works with animals or humand, must be licensed to practice
independently.
Psychiatrist: medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
psychiatric social worker; has training in area of social work MSW, and often a professional license
LCSW.
Critical thinking; making reasoned judgements about claims.
- There are very few ‘truths’ that do not need to be subjected to testing
- All evidence is not equal
- Authority does not make it true
- Open mind
Scientific approach:
1. Perceiving the question
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis
4. Drawing conclusions
5. Reporting results
Methods of observation:
- Naturalistic observation: observe behavior in their natural circumstances.
- Laboratory observation: observation in a not natural setting.
- Case studies: the individual is studied in detail.
- Survey: the individual has to answer themselves
Correlation technique: the correlation coefficient,
Designing experiment: selection, operalization (the variables (in- & dependent)), groups( experimental
& control).
The placebo effect: the phenomenon in which the participant has an expectation that influences the
behavior.
Experimenter effect: tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study and this has an influence
on the study.
Double blind study: both parties have no expectations.
Chapter 3 sensation and perception
The ABC’s of sensation
