NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM (2025/2026)
LATEST |COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
DETAILED ANSWERS!!
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business
ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
Terms in this set (334)
the study of drugs and their structure, targets of
action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution
Pharmacology (how the body disburses them throughout the
body), desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and
undesirable side effects (toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
includes the following: elimination).
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely.
Students must convey
Pharmacokinetics is... How the body effects the drug
absorption from the administration site either
Absorption
directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the
Distribution bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid.
, drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways,
Metabolism
primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated
Elimination
from the body
· Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
Absorption factors · Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of
bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common
interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and
concisely. Students must convey exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, refl ecting the unique demands of each
field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
, · Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site
of action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug
passage into and out of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma
proteins do not cross membranes (Note:
Distribution factors Malnutrition = âalbumin = á free drug = greater
pharmacologic response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma
proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate
in adipose tissue; remain in the body for a longer
period of time
· Body Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
Volume of distribution -Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less
protein-bound drug reaching the tissue site of
action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and
concisely. Students must convey exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, refl ecting the unique demands of each
field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
, exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in
business exams is the need to balance theoretical
o Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs,
blood, liver, intestines and kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
Metabolism factors
· The body changes drugs to more or less active
forms (metabolites), increases water solubility to
increase elimination.
· Cytochrome P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of
hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to
Phase 1 Metabolism the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or
reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in
business exams is the need to balance theoretical
LATEST |COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
DETAILED ANSWERS!!
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely. Students must convey
exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business
ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
Terms in this set (334)
the study of drugs and their structure, targets of
action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution
Pharmacology (how the body disburses them throughout the
body), desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and
undesirable side effects (toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
includes the following: elimination).
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and concisely.
Students must convey
Pharmacokinetics is... How the body effects the drug
absorption from the administration site either
Absorption
directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the
Distribution bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular
fluid.
, drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways,
Metabolism
primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated
Elimination
from the body
· Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
Absorption factors · Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of
bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common
interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and
concisely. Students must convey exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, refl ecting the unique demands of each
field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
, · Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site
of action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug
passage into and out of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma
proteins do not cross membranes (Note:
Distribution factors Malnutrition = âalbumin = á free drug = greater
pharmacologic response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma
proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate
in adipose tissue; remain in the body for a longer
period of time
· Body Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
Volume of distribution -Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less
protein-bound drug reaching the tissue site of
action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
accounting, finance, cal application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams and Writing Skills: Business exams may require students to present ideas clearly and
concisely. Students must convey exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, refl ecting the unique demands of each
field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in business exams is the need to balance theoretical
, exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in
business exams is the need to balance theoretical
o Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs,
blood, liver, intestines and kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
Metabolism factors
· The body changes drugs to more or less active
forms (metabolites), increases water solubility to
increase elimination.
· Cytochrome P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of
hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to
Phase 1 Metabolism the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or
reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
exams in business, law, and mathematics, students often face considerable challenges in preparing for and performing well in these exams. The challenges differ by discipline, reflecting the unique demands of each field.6.1. Challenges in Business ExamsOne of the primary challenges in
business exams is the need to balance theoretical
