1|Page
Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology ||Verified
Exam!! (Maryville University) Newest 2026 Complete
300 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) |Already Graded A+||Newest Exam!!!
if the ratio of K+ in the ICF to K+ in the ECF is normal,
what three things will happen? - ANSWER-1- proper
transmission/conduction of nerve impulses
2-maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms
3-skeletal/smooth muscle contraction
what causes hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-1- renal failure
2- addison's disease (due to decrease production of
aldosterone causes body to hold onto K+)
When should a person be investigated for hyperkalemia? -
ANSWER-1-hx of renal disease or failure
2-massive trauma
3-insulin deficiency
4- addison's disease
5- use of K+ salts or K+ rich foods
6-metabolic acidosis
,2|Page
What happens when the ECF K+ increases without
significant change in ICF K+? - ANSWER-the resting
membrane potential becomes more positive and the cell
membrane is HYPOpolarized (inside becomes less
negative) which increases the excitability demonstrated by
tall peaked T-waves
Why do we see hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
together? - ANSWER-hydrogen ions shift into the cells in
exchange for ICF potassium
how is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-
insulin transports K+ from the blood to the cell along with
glucose which stimulates the Na+/K+ pump resulting in K+
moving into the cells with glucose after eating
What are the causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER-1-
hyperaldosterone
2- hypernatremia
3- fluid volume excess
what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia? -
ANSWER-1- cardiac- flat t-waves, AV block, bradycardia
2- paralytic ileus (N&V)
,3|Page
normal range of calcium - ANSWER-8.5-10.5
causes of hypocalcemia? - ANSWER-1- Hypoalbuminemia
2- massive blood administration
3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels
4- malnutrition
5-alkalosis
6-elevated calcitonin level
7-pancreatitis
8- inadequate GI absorption
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - ANSWER-1-
increased neuromuscular excitability
2-tingling and muscle spasms
3- hyperactive bowel sounds
4-osteoporosis
SEVERE signs of hypocalcemia - ANSWER-1-
convulsions/tetany
2- prolonged QT interval
3-cardiac arrest
, 4|Page
what causes hypercalcemia - ANSWER-1-
hyperparathyroidism
2- bone metastases
3- sarcoidosis
4- excess vit D
5- tumors that produce PTH
6- calcium containing antacids
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia - ANSWER-1-
fatigue/ weakness/ lethargy
2- anorexia, nausea, constipation
3- impaired renal function and kidney stones
4- dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest
5- bone pain. osteoporosis, fractures
Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship>
and is influenced by which 3 things? - ANSWER-1-
reciprocal
2- PTH, calcitonin, and vit D
Nurs 611 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology ||Verified
Exam!! (Maryville University) Newest 2026 Complete
300 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) |Already Graded A+||Newest Exam!!!
if the ratio of K+ in the ICF to K+ in the ECF is normal,
what three things will happen? - ANSWER-1- proper
transmission/conduction of nerve impulses
2-maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms
3-skeletal/smooth muscle contraction
what causes hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-1- renal failure
2- addison's disease (due to decrease production of
aldosterone causes body to hold onto K+)
When should a person be investigated for hyperkalemia? -
ANSWER-1-hx of renal disease or failure
2-massive trauma
3-insulin deficiency
4- addison's disease
5- use of K+ salts or K+ rich foods
6-metabolic acidosis
,2|Page
What happens when the ECF K+ increases without
significant change in ICF K+? - ANSWER-the resting
membrane potential becomes more positive and the cell
membrane is HYPOpolarized (inside becomes less
negative) which increases the excitability demonstrated by
tall peaked T-waves
Why do we see hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
together? - ANSWER-hydrogen ions shift into the cells in
exchange for ICF potassium
how is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-
insulin transports K+ from the blood to the cell along with
glucose which stimulates the Na+/K+ pump resulting in K+
moving into the cells with glucose after eating
What are the causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER-1-
hyperaldosterone
2- hypernatremia
3- fluid volume excess
what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia? -
ANSWER-1- cardiac- flat t-waves, AV block, bradycardia
2- paralytic ileus (N&V)
,3|Page
normal range of calcium - ANSWER-8.5-10.5
causes of hypocalcemia? - ANSWER-1- Hypoalbuminemia
2- massive blood administration
3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels
4- malnutrition
5-alkalosis
6-elevated calcitonin level
7-pancreatitis
8- inadequate GI absorption
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - ANSWER-1-
increased neuromuscular excitability
2-tingling and muscle spasms
3- hyperactive bowel sounds
4-osteoporosis
SEVERE signs of hypocalcemia - ANSWER-1-
convulsions/tetany
2- prolonged QT interval
3-cardiac arrest
, 4|Page
what causes hypercalcemia - ANSWER-1-
hyperparathyroidism
2- bone metastases
3- sarcoidosis
4- excess vit D
5- tumors that produce PTH
6- calcium containing antacids
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia - ANSWER-1-
fatigue/ weakness/ lethargy
2- anorexia, nausea, constipation
3- impaired renal function and kidney stones
4- dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest
5- bone pain. osteoporosis, fractures
Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship>
and is influenced by which 3 things? - ANSWER-1-
reciprocal
2- PTH, calcitonin, and vit D
