FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Anatomy
vs. Physiology
Question Stem
A student examines how the shape of alveoli maximizes gas
exchange efficiency. The student then explains how diffusion
gradients allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream. Which pairing
best reflects the disciplines being applied in this analysis?
,Options
A. Gross anatomy and surface anatomy
B. Anatomy and physiology
C. Histology and developmental biology
D. Cytology and biochemistry
Correct Answer
B
Rationale — Correct
Anatomy focuses on the structure of alveoli, including their
shape and surface area, while physiology explains how gases
move across membranes via diffusion gradients. Together, they
illustrate the core A&P principle that structure determines
function. This integration is foundational to understanding how
the respiratory system operates efficiently.
Rationale — Incorrect
A. Gross and surface anatomy describe visible structures but do
not address functional mechanisms.
C. Histology involves microscopic tissue study, not functional
gas exchange processes.
D. Cytology and biochemistry operate at cellular and molecular
levels beyond the scenario’s scope.
Teaching Point
Anatomy describes structure; physiology explains how structure
enables function.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem
Following severe dehydration, multiple organ systems respond
to restore fluid balance. Which level of organization is primarily
responsible for coordinating these system-wide responses?
Options
A. Cellular level
B. Tissue level
C. Organ level
D. Organ system level
Correct Answer
D
Rationale — Correct
The organ system level integrates the functions of multiple
organs—such as the kidneys, endocrine glands, and
cardiovascular system—to maintain fluid homeostasis.
Coordination at this level allows for system-wide regulation,
which cannot be achieved by isolated organs or tissues alone.
, Rationale — Incorrect
A. Individual cells respond locally but cannot coordinate whole-
body balance.
B. Tissues perform specific functions but lack integrative
control.
C. Single organs act as components, not coordinators, of
systemic regulation.
Teaching Point
Homeostasis requires integration at the organ system level.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
(12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference
Ch. 1 — Homeostasis
Question Stem
A person’s core body temperature increases during exercise but
later returns to normal through sweating and increased skin
blood flow. This response demonstrates which principle of
homeostatic regulation?
Options
A. Positive feedback
B. Dynamic equilibrium
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference
Ch. 1 — Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Anatomy
vs. Physiology
Question Stem
A student examines how the shape of alveoli maximizes gas
exchange efficiency. The student then explains how diffusion
gradients allow oxygen to enter the bloodstream. Which pairing
best reflects the disciplines being applied in this analysis?
,Options
A. Gross anatomy and surface anatomy
B. Anatomy and physiology
C. Histology and developmental biology
D. Cytology and biochemistry
Correct Answer
B
Rationale — Correct
Anatomy focuses on the structure of alveoli, including their
shape and surface area, while physiology explains how gases
move across membranes via diffusion gradients. Together, they
illustrate the core A&P principle that structure determines
function. This integration is foundational to understanding how
the respiratory system operates efficiently.
Rationale — Incorrect
A. Gross and surface anatomy describe visible structures but do
not address functional mechanisms.
C. Histology involves microscopic tissue study, not functional
gas exchange processes.
D. Cytology and biochemistry operate at cellular and molecular
levels beyond the scenario’s scope.
Teaching Point
Anatomy describes structure; physiology explains how structure
enables function.
,Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization
Question Stem
Following severe dehydration, multiple organ systems respond
to restore fluid balance. Which level of organization is primarily
responsible for coordinating these system-wide responses?
Options
A. Cellular level
B. Tissue level
C. Organ level
D. Organ system level
Correct Answer
D
Rationale — Correct
The organ system level integrates the functions of multiple
organs—such as the kidneys, endocrine glands, and
cardiovascular system—to maintain fluid homeostasis.
Coordination at this level allows for system-wide regulation,
which cannot be achieved by isolated organs or tissues alone.
, Rationale — Incorrect
A. Individual cells respond locally but cannot coordinate whole-
body balance.
B. Tissues perform specific functions but lack integrative
control.
C. Single organs act as components, not coordinators, of
systemic regulation.
Teaching Point
Homeostasis requires integration at the organ system level.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
(12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference
Ch. 1 — Homeostasis
Question Stem
A person’s core body temperature increases during exercise but
later returns to normal through sweating and increased skin
blood flow. This response demonstrates which principle of
homeostatic regulation?
Options
A. Positive feedback
B. Dynamic equilibrium
