FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1)
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A student is given a tissue sample under the microscope and
recognizes layers of tightly packed epithelial cells forming a
barrier, with an underlying layer of connective tissue. The
instructor asks the student to explain how the observed
,arrangement illustrates levels of organization. Which response
best integrates structure and function?
Options
A. The sample shows cells arranged randomly; tissue function is
independent of organization.
B. The epithelial cell layer (cells) forms a tissue that, together
with underlying connective tissue (organ), creates a structure
specialized for protection and support.
C. The epithelial layer constitutes an organ system because it
provides a protective function for the whole body.
D. The appearance only indicates cellular irregularity and
cannot be used to infer function.
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): This response links cellular arrangement (epithelial
cells) to the tissue level and explains how tissue plus adjacent
connective tissue combine as part of an organ-level structure
specialized for protection and structural support. It
demonstrates how higher levels (tissue → organ) emerge from
cellular organization.
Incorrect (A): Incorrect; epithelial tissues are highly organized
and their function depends on orderly cell arrangement.
Incorrect (C): Incorrect; a single epithelial layer and underlying
connective tissue represent tissue and organ levels, not an
entire organ system.
,Incorrect (D): Incorrect; microscopic structure often reliably
indicates functional specialization, especially for epithelial
tissues.
Teaching Point
Cells form tissues; tissues combine into organs whose structure
enables specific functions.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A lab partner claims that the respiratory system is simply a sum
of its organs and that no new functions arise from system
integration. Given what you learned about levels of
organization, how would you rebut this claim to emphasize
integration?
Options
A. Integration creates emergent functions like gas exchange
efficiency that cannot be predicted from single organs alone.
B. Systems are redundant and therefore do not change function
beyond individual organs.
, C. An organ system is only a naming convenience; each organ
functions entirely independently.
D. Integration reduces overall functionality because
coordination slows responses.
Correct Answer
A
Rationales
Correct (A): Integration of organs into a system (e.g., nasal
passages, trachea, lungs) produces emergent properties—
coordinated ventilation and perfusion produce efficient gas
exchange—not predictable from any single organ in isolation.
Incorrect (B): Incorrect; systems are not merely redundant—
coordination enhances function beyond redundancy alone.
Incorrect (C): Incorrect; organs interact and often require
coordination (nervous, endocrine control) to achieve system-
level functions.
Incorrect (D): Incorrect; integration typically improves
organismal function through coordination rather than impeding
it.
Teaching Point
Organ-system integration produces emergent physiological
functions beyond single-organ capabilities.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1)
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A student is given a tissue sample under the microscope and
recognizes layers of tightly packed epithelial cells forming a
barrier, with an underlying layer of connective tissue. The
instructor asks the student to explain how the observed
,arrangement illustrates levels of organization. Which response
best integrates structure and function?
Options
A. The sample shows cells arranged randomly; tissue function is
independent of organization.
B. The epithelial cell layer (cells) forms a tissue that, together
with underlying connective tissue (organ), creates a structure
specialized for protection and support.
C. The epithelial layer constitutes an organ system because it
provides a protective function for the whole body.
D. The appearance only indicates cellular irregularity and
cannot be used to infer function.
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): This response links cellular arrangement (epithelial
cells) to the tissue level and explains how tissue plus adjacent
connective tissue combine as part of an organ-level structure
specialized for protection and structural support. It
demonstrates how higher levels (tissue → organ) emerge from
cellular organization.
Incorrect (A): Incorrect; epithelial tissues are highly organized
and their function depends on orderly cell arrangement.
Incorrect (C): Incorrect; a single epithelial layer and underlying
connective tissue represent tissue and organ levels, not an
entire organ system.
,Incorrect (D): Incorrect; microscopic structure often reliably
indicates functional specialization, especially for epithelial
tissues.
Teaching Point
Cells form tissues; tissues combine into organs whose structure
enables specific functions.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A lab partner claims that the respiratory system is simply a sum
of its organs and that no new functions arise from system
integration. Given what you learned about levels of
organization, how would you rebut this claim to emphasize
integration?
Options
A. Integration creates emergent functions like gas exchange
efficiency that cannot be predicted from single organs alone.
B. Systems are redundant and therefore do not change function
beyond individual organs.
, C. An organ system is only a naming convenience; each organ
functions entirely independently.
D. Integration reduces overall functionality because
coordination slows responses.
Correct Answer
A
Rationales
Correct (A): Integration of organs into a system (e.g., nasal
passages, trachea, lungs) produces emergent properties—
coordinated ventilation and perfusion produce efficient gas
exchange—not predictable from any single organ in isolation.
Incorrect (B): Incorrect; systems are not merely redundant—
coordination enhances function beyond redundancy alone.
Incorrect (C): Incorrect; organs interact and often require
coordination (nervous, endocrine control) to achieve system-
level functions.
Incorrect (D): Incorrect; integration typically improves
organismal function through coordination rather than impeding
it.
Teaching Point
Organ-system integration produces emergent physiological
functions beyond single-organ capabilities.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
