NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
WALDEN UNIVERSITY MIDTERM EXAM AND
PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK | ACCURATE AND
VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
| GUARANTEED PASS | GRADED A
1. Which mechanism best explains cellular swelling during ischemia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of sodium-potassium ATPase
C. Increased calcium efflux
D. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia decreases ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump, causing sodium and
water to accumulate intracellularly.
2. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from trauma
C. Is a regulated cellular process
D. Leads to membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation, unlike necrosis.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in metabolic acidosis?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrogen ions move into cells, pushing potassium out into serum.
,4. Which acid–base disturbance occurs with prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loss of gastric acid (HCl) causes metabolic alkalosis.
5. Which cytokine is most responsible for fever?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Prostaglandin E2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
IMMUNOLOGY & INFLAMMATION
6. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. T lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic responses.
7. Which condition is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Anaphylaxis
B. Serum sickness
,C. Contact dermatitis
D. Hemolytic anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV is T-cell mediated and delayed (e.g., poison ivy).
8. Autoimmune disease results from:
A. Decreased immune response
B. Immune tolerance to foreign antigens
C. Loss of self-tolerance
D. Viral mutation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failure to recognize self-antigens leads to autoimmune disease.
9. Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgG provides passive immunity to the fetus.
10. Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
A. Neutrophils only
B. Short duration
C. Tissue destruction
D. Absence of cytokines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and tissue damage.
CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
, 11. Essential hypertension is primarily caused by:
A. Renal artery stenosis
B. Unknown multifactorial mechanisms
C. Pheochromocytoma
D. Aortic coarctation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Most hypertension has no single identifiable cause.
12. Left-sided heart failure leads to:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Ascites
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood backs up into the lungs causing dyspnea and crackles.
13. Atherosclerosis begins with:
A. Smooth muscle proliferation
B. LDL oxidation
C. Endothelial injury
D. Platelet aggregation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial damage allows lipid infiltration.
14. Which lipid profile increases cardiovascular risk most?
A. High HDL
B. Low LDL
C. High triglycerides
D. High LDL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Elevated LDL promotes plaque formation.
WALDEN UNIVERSITY MIDTERM EXAM AND
PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK | ACCURATE AND
VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
| GUARANTEED PASS | GRADED A
1. Which mechanism best explains cellular swelling during ischemia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of sodium-potassium ATPase
C. Increased calcium efflux
D. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia decreases ATP, impairing the sodium-potassium pump, causing sodium and
water to accumulate intracellularly.
2. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Results from trauma
C. Is a regulated cellular process
D. Leads to membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death without inflammation, unlike necrosis.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in metabolic acidosis?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrogen ions move into cells, pushing potassium out into serum.
,4. Which acid–base disturbance occurs with prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loss of gastric acid (HCl) causes metabolic alkalosis.
5. Which cytokine is most responsible for fever?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Bradykinin
D. Prostaglandin E2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
IMMUNOLOGY & INFLAMMATION
6. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by:
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. T lymphocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation causes immediate allergic responses.
7. Which condition is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Anaphylaxis
B. Serum sickness
,C. Contact dermatitis
D. Hemolytic anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV is T-cell mediated and delayed (e.g., poison ivy).
8. Autoimmune disease results from:
A. Decreased immune response
B. Immune tolerance to foreign antigens
C. Loss of self-tolerance
D. Viral mutation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failure to recognize self-antigens leads to autoimmune disease.
9. Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgG provides passive immunity to the fetus.
10. Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
A. Neutrophils only
B. Short duration
C. Tissue destruction
D. Absence of cytokines
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and tissue damage.
CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
, 11. Essential hypertension is primarily caused by:
A. Renal artery stenosis
B. Unknown multifactorial mechanisms
C. Pheochromocytoma
D. Aortic coarctation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Most hypertension has no single identifiable cause.
12. Left-sided heart failure leads to:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Ascites
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blood backs up into the lungs causing dyspnea and crackles.
13. Atherosclerosis begins with:
A. Smooth muscle proliferation
B. LDL oxidation
C. Endothelial injury
D. Platelet aggregation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial damage allows lipid infiltration.
14. Which lipid profile increases cardiovascular risk most?
A. High HDL
B. Low LDL
C. High triglycerides
D. High LDL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Elevated LDL promotes plaque formation.
