NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2
Exam- University of South Alabama Questions
with Correct Answers 2026
Afferent - CORRECT ANSWER -Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - CORRECT ANSWER -Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - CORRECT ANSWER -Neurons in the Central
Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - CORRECT ANSWER -
Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - CORRECT ANSWER -Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Cut end
retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post synaptic membrane
within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and are similar to
antegrade changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
,Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an injured
axon? - CORRECT ANSWER -7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to? -
CORRECT ANSWER -1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - CORRECT ANSWER -The greater the
chances that the cell will die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower and poorly because of the long distance
between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - CORRECT ANSWER -glial scar
formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - CORRECT ANSWER -3lbs and 15-20% of
cardiac output
, Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Goal-oriented behavior, short
term memory, concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -motor
movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary voluntary motor =
somatotropic organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Contralateral
control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Motor
aspect of speech. Speech and language processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form
words. "Expressive aphasia"
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Provides
communication between motor and sensory areas, storage, analysis, and interpretation of
stimulus
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Sensory speech area:
responsible fro reception and interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction
may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Receives input from the retinas
Exam- University of South Alabama Questions
with Correct Answers 2026
Afferent - CORRECT ANSWER -Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - CORRECT ANSWER -Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - CORRECT ANSWER -Neurons in the Central
Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - CORRECT ANSWER -
Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - CORRECT ANSWER -Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Cut end
retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post synaptic membrane
within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original
basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and are similar to
antegrade changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
,Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an injured
axon? - CORRECT ANSWER -7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to? -
CORRECT ANSWER -1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - CORRECT ANSWER -The greater the
chances that the cell will die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower and poorly because of the long distance
between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - CORRECT ANSWER -glial scar
formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - CORRECT ANSWER -3lbs and 15-20% of
cardiac output
, Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Goal-oriented behavior, short
term memory, concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -motor
movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Primary voluntary motor =
somatotropic organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side of the body.
Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? - CORRECT ANSWER -Contralateral
control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Motor
aspect of speech. Speech and language processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form
words. "Expressive aphasia"
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Provides
communication between motor and sensory areas, storage, analysis, and interpretation of
stimulus
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -Sensory speech area:
responsible fro reception and interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction
may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Receives input from the retinas
