GLPH 171 EXAM Questions and Answers| New Update with 100% Correct Answers
Health (WHO Definition 1946) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health (Frankish et. al 1996) The capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life's
challenges and changes
"Functional Definition"
Disease The biological or physical malady affecting the body
Sickness Social acknowledgement of impairment of affliction
Illness Perception of dysfunction by an afflicting individual
The Relationships: Disease Without Ilness Hypertension
- HBP can lead to heart attack but patient does not feel ill and does not seek care
The Relationships: Ilness without Disease Hypochondriac (anxiety)
Feeling of being ill, but nothing wrong despite extensive medical testing
The Relationships: Ilness without Sickness Headache
Feeling of being ill, requires doctor's note for absense
,Health and Disease - Not necessarily opposites
Disease (Yes)
Healthy well managed type 1 diabetic
Unhealthy late stage cancer
Healthy vibrant neighbour
Unhealthy overworked teacher
Disease (No)
Factors that cause disease 1. germs
2. genetics
3. lifestyle
4. multifactorial disease (epigenetics, environmental)
Factors that cause disease: germs - prominent in the 19th century
1. Kach
- germs are in diseased individuals and are absent in the rest, they can be isolated/cultured,
germs cause disease in healthy hosts, and germs can be re-isolated from newly diseased
(ignores social context + genetic origins)
2. Lister
- sepsis (infection) caused by pollen-like dust containing surgical wounds, antiseptics (carboxylic
acid) should prevent wound infections (surgical mortality 45%->15%)
,3. Pasteur
- first pastuated germ theory of disease, principals on microbial fermentation + sterilization,
described heat treatment of milk/wine "pasteurization"
Factors that cause disease: genetics - interplay between genetics and environment
1. emphasizes hereditary vulnerability
2. focuses on individual, not society
Factors that cause disease: lifestyle - behaviourally-driven
- smoking, alcohol, fatty foods
- emphasizes individual behaviour change
Factors that cause disease: multifactorial disease (epigenetics, environmental) - epigenetics:
specific gene ↑ risk of a disease (ex. BRCA and breast cancer
- not completely deterministic
- environmental trigger needed
- necessary, but not sufficient
Well-being and wellness Well-being: broader concept, encompasses many areas of life
- ex. learning, financial security, social participation, work, family life, leisure, environ, security,
housing
- state of feeling well (not ill or sick)
- not generally a synonym of being "healthy"
Population Health - health can be understood at the population level; groups with shared
characteristics
- health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within
the group
, - studies health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies that link these two
Epidemiology the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations
- Distribution: descriptive epidemiology focus, how specific outcomes are patterned in a
population, essential for etiology (origins) of disease
- Determinants: analytical epidemiology focus, anything that influences the health of an
individual and the distribution of health states in a population
Population Health: Fundamental Assumptions - diseases distribute non-randomly in a
population in relation to the factors that determine health
- factors can be identified by studying distributions of health outcomes in a population
Public Health Agency of Canada - Population health is an approach to health that aims to
improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population
groups
- approach recognizes that health is a capacity or resource rather than a state
Determinants of Health - broad, yet interconnected
- WHO: "the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which determine
individual and population health status"
- Broad Categories
1. Individual (genetic makeup, sex, age)
2. Physical environment (water, sanitation, pollution)
3. Employment and working conditions
4. Access to Health Services
5. Healthy behaviours and coping skills
6. Healthy child development
Health (WHO Definition 1946) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health (Frankish et. al 1996) The capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life's
challenges and changes
"Functional Definition"
Disease The biological or physical malady affecting the body
Sickness Social acknowledgement of impairment of affliction
Illness Perception of dysfunction by an afflicting individual
The Relationships: Disease Without Ilness Hypertension
- HBP can lead to heart attack but patient does not feel ill and does not seek care
The Relationships: Ilness without Disease Hypochondriac (anxiety)
Feeling of being ill, but nothing wrong despite extensive medical testing
The Relationships: Ilness without Sickness Headache
Feeling of being ill, requires doctor's note for absense
,Health and Disease - Not necessarily opposites
Disease (Yes)
Healthy well managed type 1 diabetic
Unhealthy late stage cancer
Healthy vibrant neighbour
Unhealthy overworked teacher
Disease (No)
Factors that cause disease 1. germs
2. genetics
3. lifestyle
4. multifactorial disease (epigenetics, environmental)
Factors that cause disease: germs - prominent in the 19th century
1. Kach
- germs are in diseased individuals and are absent in the rest, they can be isolated/cultured,
germs cause disease in healthy hosts, and germs can be re-isolated from newly diseased
(ignores social context + genetic origins)
2. Lister
- sepsis (infection) caused by pollen-like dust containing surgical wounds, antiseptics (carboxylic
acid) should prevent wound infections (surgical mortality 45%->15%)
,3. Pasteur
- first pastuated germ theory of disease, principals on microbial fermentation + sterilization,
described heat treatment of milk/wine "pasteurization"
Factors that cause disease: genetics - interplay between genetics and environment
1. emphasizes hereditary vulnerability
2. focuses on individual, not society
Factors that cause disease: lifestyle - behaviourally-driven
- smoking, alcohol, fatty foods
- emphasizes individual behaviour change
Factors that cause disease: multifactorial disease (epigenetics, environmental) - epigenetics:
specific gene ↑ risk of a disease (ex. BRCA and breast cancer
- not completely deterministic
- environmental trigger needed
- necessary, but not sufficient
Well-being and wellness Well-being: broader concept, encompasses many areas of life
- ex. learning, financial security, social participation, work, family life, leisure, environ, security,
housing
- state of feeling well (not ill or sick)
- not generally a synonym of being "healthy"
Population Health - health can be understood at the population level; groups with shared
characteristics
- health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within
the group
, - studies health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies that link these two
Epidemiology the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations
- Distribution: descriptive epidemiology focus, how specific outcomes are patterned in a
population, essential for etiology (origins) of disease
- Determinants: analytical epidemiology focus, anything that influences the health of an
individual and the distribution of health states in a population
Population Health: Fundamental Assumptions - diseases distribute non-randomly in a
population in relation to the factors that determine health
- factors can be identified by studying distributions of health outcomes in a population
Public Health Agency of Canada - Population health is an approach to health that aims to
improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population
groups
- approach recognizes that health is a capacity or resource rather than a state
Determinants of Health - broad, yet interconnected
- WHO: "the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which determine
individual and population health status"
- Broad Categories
1. Individual (genetic makeup, sex, age)
2. Physical environment (water, sanitation, pollution)
3. Employment and working conditions
4. Access to Health Services
5. Healthy behaviours and coping skills
6. Healthy child development
