MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY NURS
611 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
2026| COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
& PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Which cancer originates from connective tissue? - Precise Answer
✔✔osteogenic sarcoma
carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which
origin? - Precise Answer ✔✔epithelial cells
carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? - Precise Answer
✔✔Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? - Precise
Answer ✔✔anaplasia
what are tumor cell markers? - Precise Answer ✔✔hormones, enzymes,
antigens and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
the function of the tumor cell marker is to: - Precise Answer ✔✔screen
individuals at high risk for cancer
which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign
neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer? -
,Precise Answer ✔✔an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is
required for the development of cancer
autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to: - Precise Answer
✔✔secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
apoptosis is: - Precise Answer ✔✔normal mechanism for cells to self-
destruct when growth is excessive
many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a (an): - Precise Answer
✔✔intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
oncogenes are genes that are capable of: - Precise Answer
✔✔undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to
accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of
chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example
of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? - Precise Answer
✔✔chromosome translocation
in childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type
of mutation of normal gene to oncogene? - Precise Answer ✔✔gene
amplification
what aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma? -
Precise Answer ✔✔the tumor suppressor gene is turned off
two "hits" are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because: -
Precise Answer ✔✔each allele must be altered, and each person has two
copies, or alleles of each gene: one from each parent
the ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by: -
,Precise Answer ✔✔altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
how do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase? - Precise Answer ✔✔to
switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
what are characteristics of a benign tumor? - Precise Answer ✔✔they
include the suffix -oma
which terms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and
malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively? - Precise Answer
✔✔lipoma, liposarcoma
what is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer? -
Precise Answer ✔✔HPV
the papanicolaou (pap) test is used to screen for: - Precise Answer
✔✔cervical cancer
what is the skin-related health risk induced by some forms of
chemotherapy? - Precise Answer ✔✔infection
which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation? - Precise
Answer ✔✔colon, thyroid, urinary bladder
chronic inflammation causes cancer by: - Precise Answer ✔✔releasing
compounds such as ROS that promote mutations
inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what
kind of gene? - Precise Answer ✔✔tumor-suppressor genes
what is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost
as a result of mutation? - Precise Answer ✔✔cells escape apoptosis
, which GI tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and
radiation? - Precise Answer ✔✔stomatitis
what is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroplast
growth factor in cell metastasis? - Precise Answer ✔✔to develop new
blood vessels to feed cancer cells
it has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. what is the meaning of
this finding? - Precise Answer ✔✔cancer is locally invasive
which statement is true regarding pain and cancer? - Precise Answer
✔✔pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer
which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?
- Precise Answer ✔✔cervical
the survival rate for stage 4 Hodgkins disease can be as high as: - Precise
Answer ✔✔70%
what is the cause of anemia n a patient diagnosed with pancreatitis? -
Precise Answer ✔✔malabsorption of iron
by which process do cancer cells multiply? - Precise Answer
✔✔autocrine stimulation
what is the role of caretaker genes? - Precise Answer ✔✔maintenance of
genomic integrity
in a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: - Precise
Answer ✔✔proto-oncogene
which statement is true regarding pleomorphic cells? - Precise Answer
✔✔they are a result of anaplasia
611 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
2026| COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
& PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Which cancer originates from connective tissue? - Precise Answer
✔✔osteogenic sarcoma
carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which
origin? - Precise Answer ✔✔epithelial cells
carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? - Precise Answer
✔✔Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? - Precise
Answer ✔✔anaplasia
what are tumor cell markers? - Precise Answer ✔✔hormones, enzymes,
antigens and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
the function of the tumor cell marker is to: - Precise Answer ✔✔screen
individuals at high risk for cancer
which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign
neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer? -
,Precise Answer ✔✔an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is
required for the development of cancer
autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to: - Precise Answer
✔✔secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
apoptosis is: - Precise Answer ✔✔normal mechanism for cells to self-
destruct when growth is excessive
many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a (an): - Precise Answer
✔✔intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
oncogenes are genes that are capable of: - Precise Answer
✔✔undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to
accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of
chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example
of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? - Precise Answer
✔✔chromosome translocation
in childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type
of mutation of normal gene to oncogene? - Precise Answer ✔✔gene
amplification
what aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma? -
Precise Answer ✔✔the tumor suppressor gene is turned off
two "hits" are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because: -
Precise Answer ✔✔each allele must be altered, and each person has two
copies, or alleles of each gene: one from each parent
the ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by: -
,Precise Answer ✔✔altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
how do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase? - Precise Answer ✔✔to
switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
what are characteristics of a benign tumor? - Precise Answer ✔✔they
include the suffix -oma
which terms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and
malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively? - Precise Answer
✔✔lipoma, liposarcoma
what is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer? -
Precise Answer ✔✔HPV
the papanicolaou (pap) test is used to screen for: - Precise Answer
✔✔cervical cancer
what is the skin-related health risk induced by some forms of
chemotherapy? - Precise Answer ✔✔infection
which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation? - Precise
Answer ✔✔colon, thyroid, urinary bladder
chronic inflammation causes cancer by: - Precise Answer ✔✔releasing
compounds such as ROS that promote mutations
inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what
kind of gene? - Precise Answer ✔✔tumor-suppressor genes
what is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost
as a result of mutation? - Precise Answer ✔✔cells escape apoptosis
, which GI tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and
radiation? - Precise Answer ✔✔stomatitis
what is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroplast
growth factor in cell metastasis? - Precise Answer ✔✔to develop new
blood vessels to feed cancer cells
it has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. what is the meaning of
this finding? - Precise Answer ✔✔cancer is locally invasive
which statement is true regarding pain and cancer? - Precise Answer
✔✔pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer
which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?
- Precise Answer ✔✔cervical
the survival rate for stage 4 Hodgkins disease can be as high as: - Precise
Answer ✔✔70%
what is the cause of anemia n a patient diagnosed with pancreatitis? -
Precise Answer ✔✔malabsorption of iron
by which process do cancer cells multiply? - Precise Answer
✔✔autocrine stimulation
what is the role of caretaker genes? - Precise Answer ✔✔maintenance of
genomic integrity
in a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: - Precise
Answer ✔✔proto-oncogene
which statement is true regarding pleomorphic cells? - Precise Answer
✔✔they are a result of anaplasia
