Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology Questions with Accurate Answers

Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology
Questions with Accurate Answers
Anatomy - ANSWERSthe study of the structure of the body

Physiology - ANSWERSthe study of the function of the body

Chemical level - ANSWERSrepresents the atoms and molecules that make up cells
(Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)

Cellular level - ANSWERSrepresents the basic unit of all living things

Tissue level - ANSWERSa group of cells with similar or common function

Organ level - ANSWERSa group of tissues with similar or common function

Organ system level - ANSWERSa group of organs with similar or common function

Organismic level - ANSWERSthe entire body consisting of the various organ systems.

Integumentary System - ANSWERScontrols body temperature & protects body from
environmental hazards

Skeletal System - ANSWERSsupports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals,
forms blood cells

Muscular System - ANSWERSmovement, support and produces heat

Nervous System - ANSWERScontrols immediate responses to stimuli

Endocrine System - ANSWERScontrols long-term responses in body

Cardiovascular System - ANSWERSinternal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and cells

Lymphatic & Immune Systems - ANSWERSdefense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system

Respiratory System - ANSWERSexchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from
tissues

Digestive System - ANSWERSingestion, breakdown and absorption of food &
elimination of indigestible wastes

,Urinary System - ANSWERSfiltration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance
and to eliminate waste products

Reproductive System - ANSWERSproduces sex cells and hormones related to
reproduction

homeostasis - ANSWERScondition in which body's internal environment remains within
certain narrow physiological limits

homeostatic regulation - ANSWERSadjustment of physiological system to maintain
homeostasis

receptor - ANSWERSmonitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input
to control center

control (integration) center - ANSWERSreceives input from receptor & determines
appropriate response

effector - ANSWERScell or organ that receives information (output) from control center
and produces a response (effect)

interactions of a feedback system - ANSWERSstimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent
pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response

positive feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the
uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which

places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes
uterine contraction, etc. - ANSWERS...

Negative feedback - ANSWERSthe response by the effector to the initial change is to
counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state.
Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes

insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose
from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. - ANSWERS...

Anatomical position - ANSWERSpatient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly
Cephalic = head

Cranial - ANSWERSupper portion of head surrounding brain

Facial - ANSWERSface

,cervical - ANSWERSneck

thoracic - ANSWERSchest

axillary - ANSWERSarmpit

acromial - ANSWERSpoint of shoulder

deltoid - ANSWERSfleshy portion of shoulder

brachial - ANSWERSupper arm

antebrachial - ANSWERSforearm

antecubital - ANSWERSfront of elbow

carpal - ANSWERSwrist

manual - ANSWERShand

digital (phalangeal) - ANSWERSfingers or toes

abdominal - ANSWERSregion of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis

dorsal - ANSWERSback

lumbar - ANSWERSlower back

olecranol - ANSWERSback of elbow

pelvic - ANSWERSpelvis

pubic - ANSWERSanterior pelvis

inguinal - ANSWERSjunction of trunk and thighs (groin)

gluteal - ANSWERSbuttocks

femoral - ANSWERSthigh

patellar - ANSWERSfront of knee

popliteal - ANSWERSback of knee

crural - ANSWERSanterior of lower leg (shin)

, sural - ANSWERSposterior of lower leg (calf)

tarsal - ANSWERSankle

pedal - ANSWERSfoot

plantar - ANSWERSbottom of foot

superior ( - ANSWERScephalic = cranial) = towards the head

inferior ( - ANSWERScaudal) = away from the head

anterior (ventral) - ANSWERStowards the front

posterior (dorsal) - ANSWERStowards the back

medial - ANSWERStowards the midline

lateral - ANSWERSaway from the midline

proximal - ANSWERStowards the point of attachment (limbs)

distal - ANSWERSaway from the point of attachment (limbs)

superficial - ANSWERStowards the surface (i.e., skin)

deep - ANSWERSaway from the surface

Sagittal - ANSWERSseparates the body into right and left parts

Midsaggital - ANSWERSmedian = separates the body into equal right and left parts

Parasaggital - ANSWERSseparates the body into unequal right and left parts

Frontal - ANSWERScoronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse - ANSWERShorizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior
and inferior parts

. - ANSWERS...

dorsal body - ANSWERSThe two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity
and the ventral body cavity.