TEST BANK
Cell Biology
Thomas D. Pollard, William C. Earnshaw, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, & Graham T. Johnson
4th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Introduction to Cells 1
Chapter 02 Evolution of Life on Earth 4
Chapter 03 Molecules Structures and Dynamics 7
Chapter 04 Biophysical Principles 9
Chapter 05 Macromolecular Assemblies 11
Chapter 06 Research Strategies 13
Chapter 07 Chromosome Organization 15
Chapter 08 DNA Packing in Chromatin and Chromosomes 17
Chapter 09 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics 19
Chapter 10 Gene Expression 21
Chapter 11 Eukaryotic RNA Processing 22
Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis and Folding 23
Chapter 13 Membrane Structure and Function 25
Chapter 14 Membrane Pumps 27
Chapter 15 Membrane Carriers 29
Chapter 16 Membrane Channels 31
Chapter 17 Membrane Physiology 33
Chapter 18 Posttranslational targeting of Proteins 35
Chapter 19 Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes 37
Chapter 20 Endoplasmic reticulum 39
Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport 41
Chapter 22 Secretory Membrane Systems and Golgi Apparatus 43
Chapter 23 Endocytosis and the Endosomal Membrane System 45
Chapter 24 Processing and Degradation of Cellular Components 47
Chapter 25 Plasma Membrane Receptors 48
Chapter 26 Protein Hardware for Signalling 50
Chapter 27 Second Messengers 52
Chapter 28 Integration of Signals 54
Chapter 29 Cell of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune Systems of Animals 56
Chapter 30 Extracellular Matrix Molecules 58
Chapter 31 Cellular Adhesion 60
Chapter 32 Intercellular Junctions 62
Chapter 33 Connective Tissues 64
Chapter 34 Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins 66
Chapter 35 Microtubules and Centrosome 68
Chapter 36 Intermediate Filaments 70
Chapter 37 Motor Proteins 72
Chapter 38 Intracellular Motility 74
Chapter 39 Cellular Motility 76
Chapter 40 Muscles 78
Chapter 41 Introduction to the Cell Cycle 80
,Chapter 42 G1 Phase and Regulation of Cell Proliferation 82
Chapter 43 S Phase and DNA Replication 84
Chapter 44 G2 Phase, Responses to DNA Damage, and Control of Entry Into Mitosis 85
Chapter 45 Mitosis 87
Chapter 46 Cytokinesis 89
Chapter 47 Meiosis 91
Chapter 48 Programmed Cell Death 92
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Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cells
Pollard: Cell Biology, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. About what time did the common ancestor of all life on earth live?
a. 3 to 4 thousand years ago
b. 3 to 4 million years ago
c. 3 to 4 billion years ago
d. 3 to 4 trillion years ago
ANS: C
The common ancestor lived a relatively short time after the planet formed (4.5 billion years
ago).
2. What are the four nucleotides that comprise DNA?
a. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
b. Adenine, cytosine, guano, and thymine
c. Adenine, cytoproct, guanide, and thymine
d. Adenine, cytosine, guanyin, and thymine
ANS: A
All nucleotides end in “ine.”
3. What enzymes transcribe DNA into RNA?
a. RNA transcribases
b. RNAases
c. RNA polymerases
d. RNA transcriptases
ANS: B
RNA polymerases form polymers of RNA using DNA as templates.
4. Which of the following best describes the ribosome?
a. Bodies found in blackcurrants
b. Bodies that translate mRNA into polypeptides
c. Enzymes that break down proteins
d. Enzymes that break down sugars
ANS: B
Ribosomes use mRNA as templates to synthesize polypeptides.
5. Cellular membranes are composed of which of the following?
a. Only proteins
b. Proteins and lipids in bilayers
c. Proteins and lipid in monolayers
d. Only bilayers of lipids
ANS: B
Membranes are composed of about equal masses of proteins and lipids, and the lipids are
predominantly arranged in bilayers.
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Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
6. Which of the following statements with regard to subcellular localization of proteins is true?
a. Short sequences in proteins facilitate their passage through nuclear pores into the
nucleus.
b. Short sequences in proteins facilitate their passage into the lysosome.
c. Neither of the above
d. Both of the above
ANS: D
Specific receptors recognize sequences within proteins and guide the proteins to specific
locations to many different compartments within cells.
7. Approximately when did the first eukaryotes appear?
a. 3 billion years ago
b. 300 million years ago
c. 800 million years ago
d. 1 to 2 billion years ago
ANS: D
An approximate consensus between the fossil record and molecular clock calculations is that
eukaryotes arose around 1.5 billion years ago.
8. Which of the following statements is true regarding the nuclear membrane?
a. It is a single membrane that separates the cytosol from the nucleus.
b. It is a single membrane that also surrounds the nucleolus.
c. It is a double membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus.
d. It is a double membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus, and the
nucleolus from the nucleus.
ANS: C
The double membrane system contains pores to allow the selective transport of material in
and out of the nucleus.
9. In humans, what percentage of the 3 billion base pairs making up the genome encode
proteins?
a. 0.02%
b. 0.2%
c. 2.0%
d. 20%
ANS: C
The remainder of the genome either performs regulatory functions or consists of repeated
DNA sequences that have no known function.
10. What occurs to proteins within the Golgi apparatus?
a. Sugars are added to proteins.
b. RNA is added to proteins.
c. Proteins are digested.
d. Proteins are synthesized.
ANS: A
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Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
The addition of sugars to proteins is called glycosylation and is necessary for the functions of
many extracellular proteins.
11. What is a protein kinase?
a. A protein that moves.
b. A protein that hydrolyses other proteins by proteolysis.
c. A protein that lyses bacteria by digesting the bacterial cell wall.
d. A protein that adds a phosphate to proteins or other molecules.
ANS: D
A kinase transfers a phosphate, usually from ATP to another protein or a lipid, or other
molecule. A phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which of the following statement(s) are true about eukaryotic cells?
a. Eukaryotes include bacteria, archaea, and plants.
b. Eukaryotes include animals, fungi, and protozoans.
c. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi.
d. Eukaryotes include archaea, fungi, and plants.
ANS: B, C
Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes; the others mentioned are eukaryotes.
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3|Page
Cell Biology
Thomas D. Pollard, William C. Earnshaw, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, & Graham T. Johnson
4th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Introduction to Cells 1
Chapter 02 Evolution of Life on Earth 4
Chapter 03 Molecules Structures and Dynamics 7
Chapter 04 Biophysical Principles 9
Chapter 05 Macromolecular Assemblies 11
Chapter 06 Research Strategies 13
Chapter 07 Chromosome Organization 15
Chapter 08 DNA Packing in Chromatin and Chromosomes 17
Chapter 09 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics 19
Chapter 10 Gene Expression 21
Chapter 11 Eukaryotic RNA Processing 22
Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis and Folding 23
Chapter 13 Membrane Structure and Function 25
Chapter 14 Membrane Pumps 27
Chapter 15 Membrane Carriers 29
Chapter 16 Membrane Channels 31
Chapter 17 Membrane Physiology 33
Chapter 18 Posttranslational targeting of Proteins 35
Chapter 19 Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes 37
Chapter 20 Endoplasmic reticulum 39
Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport 41
Chapter 22 Secretory Membrane Systems and Golgi Apparatus 43
Chapter 23 Endocytosis and the Endosomal Membrane System 45
Chapter 24 Processing and Degradation of Cellular Components 47
Chapter 25 Plasma Membrane Receptors 48
Chapter 26 Protein Hardware for Signalling 50
Chapter 27 Second Messengers 52
Chapter 28 Integration of Signals 54
Chapter 29 Cell of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune Systems of Animals 56
Chapter 30 Extracellular Matrix Molecules 58
Chapter 31 Cellular Adhesion 60
Chapter 32 Intercellular Junctions 62
Chapter 33 Connective Tissues 64
Chapter 34 Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins 66
Chapter 35 Microtubules and Centrosome 68
Chapter 36 Intermediate Filaments 70
Chapter 37 Motor Proteins 72
Chapter 38 Intracellular Motility 74
Chapter 39 Cellular Motility 76
Chapter 40 Muscles 78
Chapter 41 Introduction to the Cell Cycle 80
,Chapter 42 G1 Phase and Regulation of Cell Proliferation 82
Chapter 43 S Phase and DNA Replication 84
Chapter 44 G2 Phase, Responses to DNA Damage, and Control of Entry Into Mitosis 85
Chapter 45 Mitosis 87
Chapter 46 Cytokinesis 89
Chapter 47 Meiosis 91
Chapter 48 Programmed Cell Death 92
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cells
Pollard: Cell Biology, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. About what time did the common ancestor of all life on earth live?
a. 3 to 4 thousand years ago
b. 3 to 4 million years ago
c. 3 to 4 billion years ago
d. 3 to 4 trillion years ago
ANS: C
The common ancestor lived a relatively short time after the planet formed (4.5 billion years
ago).
2. What are the four nucleotides that comprise DNA?
a. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
b. Adenine, cytosine, guano, and thymine
c. Adenine, cytoproct, guanide, and thymine
d. Adenine, cytosine, guanyin, and thymine
ANS: A
All nucleotides end in “ine.”
3. What enzymes transcribe DNA into RNA?
a. RNA transcribases
b. RNAases
c. RNA polymerases
d. RNA transcriptases
ANS: B
RNA polymerases form polymers of RNA using DNA as templates.
4. Which of the following best describes the ribosome?
a. Bodies found in blackcurrants
b. Bodies that translate mRNA into polypeptides
c. Enzymes that break down proteins
d. Enzymes that break down sugars
ANS: B
Ribosomes use mRNA as templates to synthesize polypeptides.
5. Cellular membranes are composed of which of the following?
a. Only proteins
b. Proteins and lipids in bilayers
c. Proteins and lipid in monolayers
d. Only bilayers of lipids
ANS: B
Membranes are composed of about equal masses of proteins and lipids, and the lipids are
predominantly arranged in bilayers.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
6. Which of the following statements with regard to subcellular localization of proteins is true?
a. Short sequences in proteins facilitate their passage through nuclear pores into the
nucleus.
b. Short sequences in proteins facilitate their passage into the lysosome.
c. Neither of the above
d. Both of the above
ANS: D
Specific receptors recognize sequences within proteins and guide the proteins to specific
locations to many different compartments within cells.
7. Approximately when did the first eukaryotes appear?
a. 3 billion years ago
b. 300 million years ago
c. 800 million years ago
d. 1 to 2 billion years ago
ANS: D
An approximate consensus between the fossil record and molecular clock calculations is that
eukaryotes arose around 1.5 billion years ago.
8. Which of the following statements is true regarding the nuclear membrane?
a. It is a single membrane that separates the cytosol from the nucleus.
b. It is a single membrane that also surrounds the nucleolus.
c. It is a double membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus.
d. It is a double membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus, and the
nucleolus from the nucleus.
ANS: C
The double membrane system contains pores to allow the selective transport of material in
and out of the nucleus.
9. In humans, what percentage of the 3 billion base pairs making up the genome encode
proteins?
a. 0.02%
b. 0.2%
c. 2.0%
d. 20%
ANS: C
The remainder of the genome either performs regulatory functions or consists of repeated
DNA sequences that have no known function.
10. What occurs to proteins within the Golgi apparatus?
a. Sugars are added to proteins.
b. RNA is added to proteins.
c. Proteins are digested.
d. Proteins are synthesized.
ANS: A
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Cell Biology, 4th Edition (Pollard, 2024)
The addition of sugars to proteins is called glycosylation and is necessary for the functions of
many extracellular proteins.
11. What is a protein kinase?
a. A protein that moves.
b. A protein that hydrolyses other proteins by proteolysis.
c. A protein that lyses bacteria by digesting the bacterial cell wall.
d. A protein that adds a phosphate to proteins or other molecules.
ANS: D
A kinase transfers a phosphate, usually from ATP to another protein or a lipid, or other
molecule. A phosphatase reverses this phosphorylation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which of the following statement(s) are true about eukaryotic cells?
a. Eukaryotes include bacteria, archaea, and plants.
b. Eukaryotes include animals, fungi, and protozoans.
c. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, and fungi.
d. Eukaryotes include archaea, fungi, and plants.
ANS: B, C
Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes; the others mentioned are eukaryotes.
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